第一部分：字母语音知识
第一：字母：26个字母的大小写
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
第二：语音：元音的发音
五个元音字母：AEIOU
12个单元音：前元音：[i:] [ɪ] /e/ [æ]
中元音：[ɜ:] [ə]
后元音：[ɑ:] [ɒ] [ɔ:] [u :] [ʊ] [ʌ]
双元音（8个）
Ⅰ.合口双元音（5个）[ai] [ei] [au] [əu] [ɔi]
Ⅱ.集中双元音（3个） [iə][εə][uə]
第二部分：语法知识
第一：名词
(一)名词单复数
1.一般情况，名词单数变复数直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds
2.以s. x. sh. ch结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches
3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries
4.以“f或fe”结尾，变f或fe为v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives
5.不规则名词复数：man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice
child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese
不可数名词的复数就是原型： paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea
（二）名词的格
(1) 有生命的东西的名词所有格：
a) 单数后加 ’s 如: Lucy’s ruler my father’s shirt
b) 以s 结尾的复数名词后加 ’如: his friends’ bags
c) 不以s 结尾的复数后加 ’s 如：children’s shoes
d) 并列名词中，如果把 ’s加在最后一个名词后，表示共有, 如:Tom and Mike’s car 汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车
e) 要表示所有物不是共有的，应分别在并列名词后加’s 如：Tom’s and Mike’s cars 汤姆和麦克各自的小汽车
(2)表示无生命东西的名词通常用“ of +名词”来表示所有关系：如:a picture of the classroom a map of China
第二：冠词
分为定冠词和不定冠词
(一)不定冠词：a / an a unit / an uncle
元音开头的可数名词前用an :
an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress / an e-mail / an address / an event / an example / an opera / an houran old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson /
(二)定冠词：the the egg the plane
（三）用法:
1、定冠词的用法：
(1)特指某(些)人或某(些)物： The ruler is on the desk.
(2)复述上文提到的人或物：He has a sweater. The sweater is new.
(3)谈话双方都知道的人或物：The boys aren’t at school.
(4)在序数词前： John’s birthday is February the second.
(5)用于固定词组中： in the morning / afternoon / evening
2、不用冠词的情况：
(1)专有名词前：China is a big country.
(2)名词前有定语：this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等：
This is my baseball.
(3)复数名词表示一类人和事：Monkeys can’t swim. They are teachers.
(4)在节日，日期，月份，季节前：Today is Christmas Day. It’s Sunday.
(5)一日三餐前：We have breakfast at 6:30.
(6)球类 棋类运动前：They often play football after class. He plays chess at home.
* 但乐器前要用定冠词：I play the guitar very well.
(7)学科名称前：My favorite subject is music.
(8)在称呼或头衔的名词前：This is Mr Li.
(9)固定词组中：at noon at night by bus
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