俄罗斯著名画家伊万·尼古拉耶维奇·克拉姆斯科伊人物油画作品欣赏

Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoi

伊万·尼古拉耶维奇·克拉姆斯科伊

俄罗斯, (1837-1887)

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克拉姆斯科伊的艺术见解和创作活动，曾对巡回展览画派有过重要影响，他认为绘画必须具有民族性和思想性。他在《俄罗斯艺术之命运》一文中，阐述了他的艺术观点。他说：“我认为艺术不可能是别样的，它只能是民族的。”

他认为艺术作品中最主要的是思想内容，他说：“我们要在表达光、色、气氛方面不断努力，然而要做到不失去艺术家最宝贵的品质──良心。” 他告诫青年画家不要因为迷恋形式而有损于内容。

俄罗斯19世纪后期有名的艺术家如列宾、亚罗申科等，都称克拉姆斯科伊为老师，对他十分尊重。列宾在他的回忆录《抚今追昔》中，有专章对克拉姆斯科伊的评述。

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自画像

伊万·尼古拉耶维奇·克拉姆斯科伊（Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoi，俄语：Ива́н Никола́евич Крамско́й；1837年6月8日，奥斯特罗戈日斯克 - 1887年4月6日，圣彼得堡）是一名俄罗斯画家和艺术评论家。1860-1880年间，他被称为 巡回展览艺术运动的思想领袖。

克拉姆斯科伊来自一个贫穷的小资产阶级家庭。1857年至1863年，他在圣彼得堡艺术学院学习；他对学术艺术作出反应，是 '十四人叛乱 '的发起人，该叛乱以一群毕业生被驱逐出学院而告终，他们组织了艺术家团体（'Артель художиков'）。

受俄罗斯革命民主党人思想的影响，克拉姆斯科伊主张艺术家的高度公共责任、现实主义原则以及艺术的道德实质和民族性。他成为巡回展览画派（或Peredvizhniki）的主要创始人和思想家之一。1863-1868年，他在一个促进应用艺术的协会的绘画学校任教。

他创造了一个重要的俄罗斯作家、科学家、艺术家和公众人物的肖像画廊【列夫·尼古拉耶维奇·托尔斯泰（1873年），伊万·希什金（1873年），帕维尔·米哈伊洛维奇·特列季亚科夫（1876年），米哈伊尔·萨尔特科夫·谢特林（1879年），谢尔盖·波特金（1880年）】，其中富有表现力的简单构图和清晰的描写强调了深刻的性格心理因素。克拉姆斯科伊的民主理想在他的农民肖像画中得到了最鲜明的表达，这些肖像画描绘了平民代表丰富的性格细节。

在克拉姆斯科伊最著名的画作之一《沙漠中的基督》（1872年，特列季亚科夫画廊）中，他延续了亚历山大·伊万诺夫的人文主义传统，以道德哲学的方式处理一个宗教主题。他在对基督的形象进行深刻的心理和生命诠释时，将戏剧性的经验注入其中，唤起了他英雄般的自我牺牲的想法。

克拉姆斯科伊渴望扩大其图像的意识形态表现力，他创造了存在于肖像画和风俗画之间的艺术（《'最后的歌声'时期的涅克拉索夫》1877-78年；《无名的女人》1883年；《无法化解的悲伤》1884年；都在特列季亚科夫画廊）。这些画揭示了他们的主体复杂而真诚的情感，他们的个性和命运。克拉姆斯科伊的艺术取向，他对艺术的敏锐判断，以及他对艺术评价的客观公共标准的不懈追求，对十九世纪最后三分之一的俄罗斯现实主义艺术和美学的发展产生了重要影响。

克拉姆斯科伊被认为是一个怪人，因为他把自己的作品装在昂贵的画框里送给顾客，而且不收钱。他在画架前工作时死于主动脉瘤，年仅49岁。克拉姆斯科伊的主要作品，分藏于列宁格勒俄罗斯博物馆和莫斯科特列恰可夫画廊。