保罗·高更(Paul Gauguin,1848-1903)法国后印象派画家、雕塑家,与梵高、塞尚并称为后印象派三大巨匠,对现当代绘画的发展有着非常深远的影响。
高更在临终之前,
把自己的全部精力都投入到这幅画中。
这幅画的名字是:
我们从哪里来?我们是谁?我们往哪里去?
高更生于法国巴黎,他把绘画的本质看作是某种独立于自然之外的东西,当成记忆中经验的一种创造,而不是一般所认为的那种通过反复写生而直接获得的知觉经验中的东西。
和大多数同时代的艺术家相比,他的探索在更大程度上受到原始艺术的影响,特别是他对南太平洋热带岛屿的风土人情极为痴迷,这似乎要从他的家族背景和成长经历中追根溯源了。
英国作家毛姆曾以高更的经历为蓝本写过一部著名的小说《月亮和六便士》,其中虽对高更的生平与人格不尽真实,但也正是这部小说让高更出众的才华与过人的勇气得到世人关注,而高更的人生经历以及他的画作所体现出的对于现代文明的深刻反思非常具有典型性的。
本文由公号哲学之路编辑发布
高更在技法上采用色彩平涂,注重和谐而不强调对比,《讲道以后的幻景》就是这种艺术处理的代表作。他的绘画风格与印象主义迥然不同,强烈的轮廓线以及用主观化色彩表现经过概括和简化了的形体,都服从于几何形图案,从而取得音乐性、节奏感和装饰效果。其理论和实践影响了一大批画家,被誉为继印象主义之后在法国画坛上产生重要影响的艺术革新者。
1897年2月,高更完成了创作生涯中最大的一幅油画: '我们从哪里来?我们是谁?我们往哪里去?'。这幅画,用他的话来说,'其意义远远超过所有以前的作品;我再也画不出更好的有同样价值的画来了。在我临终以前我已把自己的全部精力都投人这幅画中了。
布这里有多少我在种种可怕的环境中所体验过的悲伤之情,这里我的眼睛看得多么真切而且未经校正,以致一切轻率仓促的痕迹荡然无存,它们看见的就是生活本身……整整一个月,我一直处在一种难以形容的癫狂状态之中,昼夜不停地画着这幅画……尽管它有中间调子,但整个风景完全是稳定的蓝色和韦罗内塞式的绿色。所有的裸体都以鲜艳的橙黄色突出在风景前面。' 在恶劣的环境中,以痛苦的热情和清晰的幻觉来描绘,因此画面看起来毫无急躁的迹象,反而洋溢着生气。没有模特儿,没有画技,没有一般所谓的绘画规则。' 画面色彩单纯而富神秘气息,平面手法使之富有东方的装饰性与浪漫色彩。在斑驳绚丽、如梦如幻的画面中,暗寓着画家哲理性的对生命意义的追问。
油画《黄色的基督》,以其平铺的块面、浓重的色彩、大胆的轮廓线以及简约的造型,反映出高更'综合主义'绘画的风格特点。整个画面被前景的人物、十字架的垂直立柱以及顶端的水平横木所支撑。田野、天空及十字架的道道条状的形,与妇女及树木图像圆转起伏的曲线,产生鲜明对比;那平直延展的形,与圆曲封闭的形,形成强烈的对照。所有物象都统一于一种明快而简约的图形中。色彩虽然华丽,却显示出布列顿景色的天然质朴;妇女的形象虽显得优雅,然而其庄稼人的气质却仍是一目了然。
看高更那蔑视众生的眼神和混搭西服配开衩下装,与其说他厌世,不如说他根本不屑于这浮世对艺术创作的禁锢。高更死后,作品渐渐被人们认可与赏识,他所为大众欣赏的更多是通过大胆色彩表现出的现实批判与艺术抽象的完美结合,以及作品给人带来的不羁却纯粹,奇幻却真实的强烈视觉冲击与内心感受。Art is either revolution or plagiarism.
In the forest Saint Cloud II
In the forest Saint CloudI shut my eyes in order to see.
Cail Factories and Quai of Grenelle
The Seine at the Pont d'Iena
The Seine opposite the wharf de passy
The Seine, Pont d'Iena, Snowing
Bouquet of Peonies on a Musical Score
China Asters, Hat and Book
Daisies and peonies in blue vase
Still life with red mullet and jug
Autumn Landscape (Farm and pond)
Portrait of a child (Aline Gauguin)
Portrait of Claude Antoine Charles Favre
Portrait of Ingeborg Thaulow
The embroiderer or Mette Gauguin
Riverside (Breton landscape)
The market gardens of Vaugirard
Flowers and carpet (Pansies)
Still life with fruit plateStudy of a Nude, Suzanne Sewing高更在1881年的“独立派”画家展览会上展出了一幅完全独创一格的画“裸体习作”。一位评论家写道:“这幅画显示着一个当代画家无可争辩气质。在当代所有画过裸体的画家中间,还没有一个能够如此有力地表现生活的…栩栩如生…这整个身体,这耷拉在腿股部的略微隆起的腹部,多么形象的结构是符合毕沙罗的印象主义明暗观念的。但它具有明显的现实主义的腔调(譬如人体的皱纹、背部的变形),带有更剧烈的明暗调子的对比;还可看到不甚高明的素描带有不合比例之处。这些不合常规的表现,一方面说明了高更的现实主义倾向,但另一方面也妨碍了整体的统一。裸体是玫瑰红和绿色,有深蓝色的阴影;内衣是粉红色和天蓝色;人体右边的衬布是绿色和蓝色;头发是蓝黑色;墙是紫色;墙上挂着的吉它是黑色和黄色;壁毯是黄白色及蓝色和红色的条纹。吉它和壁毯的质感表现得很完美;其余的东西则表现得不甚确切。色彩很大胆,也很强烈,但在细节上比在整体上成功。总之,这件作品的作者是一位不大考虑到调子的大胆的色彩家,一位对自己的纲领缺乏信心的素描家,一位没有很大活力的、争辩多于灵感的
Corner of the garden rue Carsal
Interior of the Painter’s House, rue Carcel
Pissarro’s Garden, Pontoise
Pond with Ducks (Girl Amusing Herself)
Still life. Vase with flowers on the window
Young Girl Dreaming (Study of a Child Asleep)
Aube the Sculptor and His Son
Flowers and Japanese book
Aline Gauguin and one of her brothers
Double portrait of a young girl (Mademoiselle Lafuite)
Osny, rue de Pontoise, Winter想起在巴比松画派(Barbizon School)影向下毕沙
The garden in winter, rue Carcel
Tomatoes and a pewter tankard on a table
Abandoned garden in Rouen
An Orchard under the Church of Bihorel
Mette Gauguin in an Evening Dress
Nasturtiums & dahlias in a basket
Normandy Landscape-Cow in a Meadow
Orchard under the Church of Bihorel (Children in the Pasture)
Osny, the gate of Busagny farm
Portrait of Isidore Gauguin
Returning from the harvest (Manuring)
Skaters in Fredericksberg park
Young Woman Lying in a Grass
Paul Gauguin and wife Mette, Copenhagen
Evening Primroses in the Vase
Horse and Cow in a Meadow
Landscape with cows in an Orchard
Oestervold Park, Copenhagen
Portrait of Achille Granchi Taylor
Portrait of Philibert Favre
Still Life of Onions and Pigeons and Room Interior in Copenhagen
Still Life with a Mandolin
Still life with carafe and ceramic figure
Two vases of flowers and a fan
Bathing in Front of the Port of Pont-Aven
Lollichon’s Field and the Church of Pont-Aven
Pont-Aven woman and child
Schooner and three masters
Still life with horse’s head
Still Life with Profile of Laval
Still life with white bowl
Coastal Landscape from Martinique
Mango pickers (Martinique)
Still life with mangoes and hibiscus
Tropical Landscape, Martinique
Breton Woman and Goose by the Water
Aven running through Pont-Aven
Bouquet of Flowers with a Window Open to the Sea (Reverse of Hay-Making in Brittany)
Breton Boy by the Aven River
Breton Woman with a Pitcher
Cottages on Mount Sainte Marguerite
Cove opposite Pont-Aven Harbor
Étude pour La Ronde des petites Bretonnes
Fisherman and bathers on the Aven
Head of a Breton (Marie Louarn)
Meadow at the banks of Aven
Self-Portrait with Portrait of Gauguin, Emile Bernard
Still-Life with Three Puppies
The Painter of Sunflowers (Portrait of Vincent van Gogh)他称这种风格为“釉彩派”和“综合法”。 确实,这里一片片颜色是像景泰蓝(Cloisons)那样平面分布的
The Vision After The Sermon (Jacob Wrestling With The Angel)综合主义(Synthetism)。高更的这种风格后来还
Washerwomen At Roubine Du Roi
Human Misery, from the Volpini Suite
Jeune Bretonne au bord de la mer
Portrait of Meijer de Haan by Lamplight
Self Portrait as “Christ on the Mount of Olives”
The Flageolet Player On The Cliff
The Green Christ or The Calvary
Meules de foin en Bretagne
Nirvana (also known as Portrait of Meyer de Hasn)
Portraits of Paul and Jean Schuffenecker
Landscape with Black Pigs and a Crouching Tahitian
portrait of suzanne bambridge
Tahitian Women on the Beach
Te vahine fa'atūruma (La Boudeuse)
The Loss of Virginity (The Awakening of Spring)
Tiare Farani (Flowers of France)
Vahine no te tiare (Woman with a Flower)
Young Man with a Flower Behind His Ear
The Sacred Mountain (Parahi Te Marae)
Are You Jealous?(Aha Oe Feii)
Landscape with Blue Trees
Mata mua - In Olden Times
Nafea Faa Ipoipo (When Will You Marry?)
Parau na te Varua ino (Words of the Devil)
Tahitian women under the palms
Te aa no Areois (The seed of the Areoi)
Gauguin, Mucha, & friends at Rue de la Grande Chaumière, Paris
Illustration in the Noa-Noa Album, Tahiti
Noa Noa Suite-Delightful Land
Self Portrait with Palette
Tehamana Has Many Parents (The Ancestors Of Tehamana)
Breton Peasant Women ('Paysannes bretonnes’)
Christmas Night (The Blessing of the Oxen)
Landscape in Brittany - The David Mill
Lying Girl Afraid of Spirits of the Dead
Mahana no Atua (Day of the Gods, Jour de Dieu)
Upaupa Schneklud (The Player Schneklud)
Canoe and Tahitian Family
Portrait Of A Young Woman, Vaite (Jeanne) Goupil
Self Portrait (Place of the Skull)
Still Life With Teapot And Fruits
Te Arii Vahine (The King’s Wife)
Te tamari no atua (The birth of a Christ)
Trois Tahitiennes, Paul Gauguin
Where Do We Come From?What Are We?Where Are We Going?1897年2月,高更完成了创作生涯中最大的一幅油画
Three Tahitian Women Against a Yellow Background
Tahitian Woman with Evil Spirit
And the Gold of Their Bodies
Still Life With L'Esperance
Still life with sunflowers on armchair
Tahitian Woman And Two Children
Two Women aka Mother and Daughter本文由公号哲学之路编辑发布
Two women(a.k.a Flowered hair)
Human Misery, from the Volpini Suite
Noa Noa Suite-Delightful Land
Lying Girl Afraid of Spirits of the Dead文章来源:哲学之路 微信ID:zhexuezhilu
本站仅提供存储服务,所有内容均由用户发布,如发现有害或侵权内容,请
点击举报。