唐代：王昌龄《芙蓉楼送辛渐》 寒雨连江夜入吴， 平明送客楚山孤。 洛阳亲友如相问， 一片冰心在玉壶。
借唐代诗人王昌龄的诗，来开始此篇文章的开幕，玉壶春瓶自古就以青素婀娜，柔美优雅的造型和与少女情愫之美相通之特点。深受文人骚客的垂爱。在瓷器瓶类里，当之无愧称之为“瓷中女神”。無鉴門所藏这件耀州玉壶春瓶从造型、刻工、釉色、寓意均属上乘精品之作，难得一见，以下为大家做详细赏析。
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英译：This article begins with the poems of Wang Changling, a poet of the Tang Dynasty. Since ancient times, the Jade Pot Spring Bottle has been characterized by its elegance, elegance and tenderness, as well as its connection with the beauty of the girl's affection. Deeply loved by literati and poets. In the category of porcelain bottles, it deserves to be called "goddess in porcelain". Wujianmen's collection of this Yaozhou Jade Pot Spring Bottle from the shape, engraving, glaze color, meaning are all excellent works, rare to see, the following for you to do a detailed appreciation.
無鉴門欢迎您的关注====鉴品赏析品味古瓷魅力==== 穿越千年和古人交流
無鉴門藏品玉壶春瓶介绍：此件宋代玉壶春瓶，造型古朴优美，刻工一流，刻画缠枝牡丹自然流畅，主干枝从头到尾一气呵成，立体视觉感冲击力强，胎体质感温润如玉，在耀州窑中当属精品之作，属于御用贡瓷，弥足珍贵。
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英译：Wujianmen Collection Jade Pot Spring Bottle Introduction: This Song Dynasty Jade Pot Spring Bottle is simple and graceful in shape, first-class carving, depicting twisted peony naturally smooth, the main branch from beginning to end in one breath, strong stereo visual impact, warm and moist as jade, in Yaozhou Kiln should be a fine work, belongs to royal tribute porcelain, is precious.
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玉壶春瓶高22.3厘米、口径6.2厘米、 腹部直径10厘米
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英译： Yuhu Spring Bottle is 22.3 cm high, 6.2 cm in diameter and 10 cm in abdominal diameter.
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口部折沿内外侧有白色突起小点，这是胎体表层因胎土手工研磨不细致，导致胎内产生间隙，在烧制过程中间隙内水分气体遇热胀冷缩无法排出而顶起的突起物。这种现象是耀州窑人工制作瑕疵的重要特征之一。
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英译：There are white protuberances along the inner and outer sides of the mouth fold. This is the protuberance that the surface of the matrix is not carefully ground by hand, resulting in the gap in the fetus. During the firing process, the moisture gas in the gap can not be discharged due to the expansion and contraction of heat. This phenomenon is one of the important characteristics of the defects of Yaozhou kiln.
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腹部有两处窑裂缝，这是在烧制过程中温度控制不好而造成的。瓷坯烧制前，坯体还残留有一定的水分，开始烧时须用溜火（小火），拖长低温时间，使之蒸发水分，待坯体干燥，才能逐步转入高温紧火。溜火时间过短，而转入高温，坯体中的水分就会因急剧化成蒸气引起膨胀而破裂。这个现象说明古代用柴烧制陶瓷，温度难以控制，这是判断古代瓷器烧制工艺的重要依据。
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英译：There are two cracks in the abdomen of the kiln, which is caused by poor temperature control during the firing process. Before firing, there is still a certain amount of water left in the body. When firing, it is necessary to use slippery fire (small fire) to prolong the low temperature time and make the body evaporate water. Only when the body is dry, can the body be gradually turned into high temperature compaction. If the time of fire escape is too short and the temperature is changed to high temperature, the water in the green body will burst due to the expansion caused by the rapid vaporization. This phenomenon shows that it is difficult to control the temperature of ancient ceramics fired with firewood, which is an important basis for judging the firing process of ancient ceramics.
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底足外缘有明显指甲嵌入痕，这是古代匠人进行刻画时，用手抓住底足边缘处进行刻划作业而产生的指甲掐痕，也是古代工艺制作流程的一个重要特征。
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英译：There are obvious nail insertion marks on the outer edge of sole and foot, which is an important feature of the ancient craftsmen's process of making fingernail pinches when they used their hands to grasp the edge of sole and foot.
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玉壶春瓶局部特写照片，反映出宋代时期耀州窑烧制过程中的工艺结构及细微特征，更清楚展现出古代工匠的精湛犀利的雕刻技艺和宋代耀州窑工艺流程遗留痕迹及瑕疵，从这些细部特征可论证出现代仿造手段无法复制的关键所在。
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英译：The local close-up photographs of Jade Pot Spring Bottle reflect the technological structure and subtle characteristics of Yaozhou kiln in Song Dynasty, and show more clearly the exquisite and sharp sculpture skills of ancient craftsmen and the traces and defects left by the technological process of Yaozhou kiln in Song Dynasty. From these details, we can prove the key point that modern imitation methods can not be replicated.
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以上四图是显微镜下拍摄的局部土吃现象及老化痕迹，这种现象是瓷器鉴定真老的最科学最客观的重要依据。
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英译：The above four pictures are the phenomenon of local indigenous eating and the signs of aging photographed under a microscope. This phenomenon is the most scientific and objective basis for the identification of authenticity of porcelain.
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以上照片展示了该瓶底足特征，其底修足规整，手工刮切痕迹明显，底足上釉处发黄，小磕处显胎体为颜色为灰白色，内侧壁边缘有少许沾沙，底足正中心有堆起圆点，底胎釉下伴有斑点的铁锈斑。
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英译：The photos above show the characteristics of the bottom foot of the bottle. The bottom of the bottle has regular foot trimming, obvious hand scraping marks, yellowing on the glaze of the sole foot, gray-white on the small pinch, a little sand on the inner edge, a pile of dots in the center of the sole foot, and rust spots under the glaze of the bottom tire.
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宋代耀州窑修足工艺为两次修足，第一次修坯时底足边缘留得较宽，接着进行上釉，待釉风干后再进行二次修足。所以二次修足修的更细致、美观。这种工艺是为了底足更容易处理瑕疵，使底足更加完美。烧成后留有明显二次修坯旋转刮痕，而其中心也成为鸡心底，且足圈矮小规整。铁锈斑，是由于胎土内含铁成分较大，经高温烧制而出现的黑色或黄棕色斑块状。以上修足痕迹和铁锈斑现象是宋代耀州窑瓷器鉴定的重要特征之一。
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英译：Yaozhou kiln in Song Dynasty had two foot repairs. The edge of sole foot was wider at the first time, then glazing was carried out, and then foot repairs were carried out after glaze was air-dried. So the second foot repair is cleaner, more meticulous and more beautiful. This process is designed to make the sole easier to handle defects and make the sole more perfect. After firing, there are obvious scratches of second trimming rotation, and the center of which is also the bottom of the chicken heart, and the foot ring is short and regular. Rust spots are black or yellow-brown patches which occur when the iron content in the matrix soil is large and sintered at high temperature. The above foot-repairing marks and rust stains are one of the important characteristics of the identification of Yaozhou kiln porcelain in the Song Dynasty.
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此瓶刻划工艺之高无可比拟，刻划流畅、细腻。刀法是以斜切竖拉技法组成线条，这种刻划之法是耀州窑典型的技法，刻出线条显得活灵活现，展现出超强的立体感。但这精湛的技法一般工匠难以达到这种效果，只有那些制作贡瓷的匠人才能做出此作品。作品刻划完成后，要经过烧制的过程，如温度稍有闪失，将毁于一旦，又经过上千年的遗存未能损坏，如此精湛技法又能保存至今，十分难得。
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英译：This bottle is of unparalleled height. The smooth, delicate and knife method is composed of oblique cutting and vertical drawing. This method is a typical technique of Yaozhou kiln. The lines are vivid and vivid, showing a super three-dimensional sense. But the exquisite craftsmen can hardly achieve this effect. Only those who make tribute pottery can make this work. Even if the work is carved well, it will go through the firing process. If the temperature slightly loses, it will be destroyed once, and after thousands of years of remains, it will not be damaged. So exquisite craftsmanship can be preserved to this day, which is very rare.
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此瓶最精妙之处是，胎体甚是轻巧，上手无重量感，如同纸张。显示出宋代耀州青瓷工匠高超的制瓷技艺，更展现了宋代耀州窑贡瓷最高水准，也是耀州窑贡瓷的关键特征。
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英译：The most delicate thing about this bottle is that it has a light body and no sense of weight at hand, just like paper. It demonstrates the superb skill of celadon craftsmen in Yaozhou in Song Dynasty, and also shows the highest level of Yaozhou kiln and tribute porcelain in Song Dynasty. It is also the key feature of Yaozhou kiln and tribute porcelain.
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無鉴門珍藏玉壶春瓶局部与耀州窑址出土瓷片对比
Contrast of Spring Bottles of Jade Pots in Wujianmen Collection with Porcelain Sheets Excavated from Yaozhou Kiln Site
从以上对比图片，可清楚展现出这件玉壶春瓶的魅力所在，其完美犀利、飘洒的刀工是民瓷刻画工艺无法比拟的。其精湛刻花工艺、完美的线条、淡雅的神韵、令人折服。更感叹宋代工匠巧夺天工，能让今天的我们穿越到千年之前享受“宋瓷女神”的魅力。
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英译：From the above comparative pictures, we can clearly show the charm of this jade pot spring bottle. Its perfect sharp and flowing knife worker is incomparable with the folk porcelain depiction technology. Its exquisite carving technology, perfect lines, elegant charm, convincing. More sigh Song Dynasty craftsmen skillful work, so that today we can cross the millennium ago to enjoy the charm of "Song Porcelain Goddess".
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耀州窑发展过程
Development of Yaozhou Kiln
耀州窑，在唐代就是中国陶瓷烧制的著名产地，南方青瓷刀法婉约细腻，像亭亭玉立之少女，而耀州窑刀法不仅有南方青瓷柔美、优雅，又有北方汉子的粗旷犀利。宋代耀州瓷结合南北瓷之特点更进一步达到升华，成为我国重要窑系之一，其产品则成中国精品青瓷的代表。
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英译：Yaozhou kiln is a famous producing area of Chinese ceramics in Tang Dynasty. The Southern celadon knife method is graceful and delicate, like a young girl standing in a pavilion. The knife method of Yaozhou kiln not only has the soft and elegant southern celadon, but also has the broad and sharp and smooth northern men. The Song Dynasty's Yaozhou ceramics, combined with the characteristics of northern and southern ceramics, has further sublimated and become one of the important kiln systems in China, and its products have become the Chinese elite products. The representative of celadon.
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中国
青瓷
之魂
耀州
窑
视频部分
ChinaCeladonSoulYaozhoukilnVideo part
耀州窑始烧于唐代，以黑、白、青瓷，为主，宋代从工艺上进一步提高，从而使其在耀州窑青瓷烧制达到顶峰，到明代后逐渐衰落。
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英译：Yaozhou kiln was first fired in the Tang Dynasty, mainly black, white and celadon. In the Song Dynasty, the technology was further improved, so that the firing of celadon in Yaozhou kiln reached its peak, and gradually declined after the Ming Dynasty.
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耀州窑青釉提梁倒注瓷壶 陕西历史博物馆镇馆之宝
Yaozhou Kiln Blue Glaze Porcelain Pottery Pot with Bridge and Inverted Porcelain Pot: The Treasure of Shaanxi History Museum Town Museum
耀州窑址位于陕西省铜川市黄堡镇，旧称同官，宋代时属耀州，故名“耀州窑”包括陈炉镇、立地镇、上店镇及玉华宫等窑在内。襄括了河南宜阳窑、宝丰窑、新安城关窑、广东西村窑、广西永福窑、内乡大窑店窑等多个窑场。各窑场烧制瓷器均与铜川窑相近，胎质与釉色稍有不同。
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英译：Yaozhou Kiln Site is located in Huangbao Town, Tongchuan City, Shaanxi Province. It was formerly known as Tongguan. It belonged to Yaozhou in Song Dynasty. So it was named Yaozhou Kiln, including Chenlu Town, Lidi Town, Shangdian Town and Yuhua Palace. It includes Yiyang kiln, Baofeng kiln, Xin'an Chengguan kiln, Xicun kiln in Guangdong, Yongfu kiln in Guangxi and Dayaodian kiln in Neixiang. The firingceramics of each kiln are similar to those of Tongchuan kiln, and the matrix and glaze color are slightly different.
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北宋耀州窑凤纹龙首提梁壶 大都会博物馆藏
Longshou Liliang Pot with Fengwen Dragon Head in Yaozhou Kiln of Northern Song Dynasty, Metropolitan Museum Collection
耀州瓷到宋代便成为自成体系的著名窑场，盛产以刻花、印花为独特风格的青瓷，其精美瓷器尽显优雅、高贵、柔美、大气，独具北方青瓷的魅力。从中体现出，宋代时期文化审美观念及繁荣昌盛的局面。
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英译：Yaozhou Porcelain became a famous kiln with its own system in Song Dynasty. It is rich in Celadon with unique style of engraving and printing. Its exquisite ceramics show elegance, nobility, gentleness, atmosphere and unique charm of northern celadon. It reflects the cultural aesthetic concept and prosperity of the Song Dynasty.
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耀州窑青釉刻花莲花纹双耳瓶 故宫博物馆藏
Yaozhou Kiln Blue Glaze Carved Lotus Twin Ear Vase, Palace Museum Collection
耀州窑在宋代青瓷烧制达到鼎盛，烧制的各种瓷器精美绝伦。于神宗元丰（1078-1085）至徽宗崇宁（1102-1106）的三十多年为朝廷专烧贡瓷。
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英译：Yaozhou kiln reached its peak in Celadon firing in Song Dynasty, and all kinds of porcelain firing were exquisite. Yu Zongyuan Feng (1078-1085) to Chongning Huizong (1102-1106) specially fired tribute ceramics for the court for more than 30 years.
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宋神宗在熙宁年间、因耀州窑烧制的瓷器“巧如范金、精比琢玉”如有神助，精美绝伦。所以应耀州知府闫太守的请奏、封耀州窑为德应侯，可见耀州窑所烧贡瓷在当时皇家的重要程度及政治地位。
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英译：During the reign of Xining, Shenzong of Song Dynasty, because of Yaozhou kiln, fired porcelain "like Fan Jin, Jingbi Zhuoyu" with God's help, exquisite. Therefore, the invitation of Yan Taishou, the prefecture of Yaozhou, and the closure of Yaozhou kiln as the Hou of De Ying show the importance and political status of the tribute ceramics fired by Yaozhou kiln at that time.
耀州窑青釉刻花婴戏碗 故宫博物院藏
Yaozhou Kiln Blue Glaze Embossed Baby Play Bowl, Palace Museum Collection
耀州窑所烧的精品贡瓷，展现了耀州窑青瓷的最高艺术造诣，在青瓷烧制历史长河里创立辉煌的篇章。
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英译：The fine tribute porcelain fired by Yaozhou kiln shows the highest artistic attainments of Yaozhou kiln celadon and creates a brilliant chapter in the long history of celadon firing.
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宋代耀州窑青釉刻花缠枝牡丹瓶 大都会博物馆藏
Metropolitan Museum Collection
耀州窑宋代以后，金代继承宋代青瓷烧制基础，又创烧出月白釉。工艺上创出无釉叠烧制法，装饰创作更加飘洒、简练。
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英译：After the Song Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty inherited the foundations of celadon firing in the Song Dynasty and created the moon-white glaze. The glassless overlapping firing method was invented in the craft, and the decoration creation was more elegant and concise.
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耀州窑青釉刻海水鸭纹碗 台北博物馆藏
Yaozhou Kiln Blue Glazed Seawater Duck Bowl Collection of Taipei Museum
元明时期，随着战争的频发，国力衰退，耀州瓷的发展也逐渐衰落。更多烧制姜黄釉瓷器，趋于大众使用。期间又增加强了黑、白、酱、等釉的烧制品种，白底黑花瓷及土青花瓷，都是该时期的常见作品。直至明代后期停止烧制，只有个别小私作坊，偶尔烧制。
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英译：During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, with the frequent wars and the decline of national strength, the development of Yaozhou porcelain gradually declined. More turmeric glazed porcelains are being fired and are being used by the public. During this period, the fired products of black, white, sauce and other glazes were strengthened, and the black and blue-and-white porcelain with white background and earth-blue-and-white porcelain were common works of this period. Until the late Ming Dynasty, only a few small private workshops, occasionally burned.
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出土瓷片断面展现各种胎体颜色
The section of unearthed chinaware shows various body colours
耀州窑胎体特点：胎薄质坚，主要有灰白胎、黑灰胎、黄白胎、略粗灰白胎等，以上配图清晰展示出瓷器内部各种胎体本质。
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英译：Yaozhou kiln carcass characteristics: thin and hard, mainly gray and white, black and gray, yellow and white, slightly coarse gray and white, etc. The above drawings clearly show the essence of various carcasses inside the porcelain.
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出土瓷片釉面发色及纹饰展示
Display of glaze color and decoration of unearthed porcelain sheets
釉面成透明或半透明状，釉面匀静。颜色有、橄榄青、灰青、淡黄绿青、深绿青、灰绿淡青、梅子青、黑色、酱紫色、等色调雅致。
装饰工艺有刻花、印花，合模、堆塑等，结构布局稳重大气、优雅中又不失粗放，层次分明，线条自然流畅。
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英译：The glaze is transparent or translucent, and the glaze is even. The colors are olive green, grey green, light yellow green green, dark green green, grey green, plum green, black, sauce purple, and other tones elegant.Decoration techniques include engraving, printing, mould closing and moulding, etc. The structure layout is stable, elegant and extensive, with clear layers and smooth lines.
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陕西历史博物馆和陕西省考古研究所精品出土瓷器展示
Exhibition of Fine Porcelain Excavated from Shaanxi Museum of History and Shaanxi Institute of Archaeology
纹饰多满布器内外，种类繁多，有牡丹、菊花、莲花、鱼、鸭、龙凤、人物、动物等，刻画工艺流畅，灵动自然。
器形种类繁多，有碗、盘、瓶、壶、罐、枕、香炉、香熏、盏托、注子、温碗、钵等造型均显青柔雅致。
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英译：There are many kinds of decorations, such as peony, chrysanthemum, lotus, fish, duck, dragon and phoenix, characters, animals, etc. The depiction process is smooth and natural.There are many kinds of utensils, such as bowls, plates, bottles, pots, pots, pillows, incense burners, incense fumigation, calendula, notes, warm bowls, bowls and so on.
近年部分耀州窑瓷器拍卖成交价盘点
Some Yaozhou Kiln Porcelain Auctions in Recent Years
北宋至金 耀州青釉牡丹纹盖罐
2017年10月3日 香港苏富比
俊雅清凝——乐从堂藏宋瓷粹珍
成交价：4，900,00港币
金 耀州窑青釉胆瓶
2018年5月16日 伦敦苏富比
中国艺术珍藏
成交价：789,000英镑
北宋 耀州青釉刻牡丹花净水瓶
2016年4月6日 香港苏富比
赏心菁华——琵金顿珍藏重要中国工艺精品
成交价：5,480,00港币
五代北宋耀州立塑瑞兽浮雕水鸭荷花倒流壶
2007年9月18日 纽约苏富比
成交价:668,200美元
宋代 耀州青釉刻花草叶碗
2018年3月22日 纽约佳士得
古韵天成——临宇山人珍藏
成交价：372,500美元
北宋 耀州青釉刻牡丹花斗笠碗一对
2016年4月6日 香港苏富比
赏心菁华——琵金顿珍藏重要中国工艺精品
成交价：2,720,000港币
宋代 耀州青釉刻花缠枝牡丹玉壶春瓶
2011年5月11日 伦敦苏富比
成交价：241,250英镑
北宋 耀州青釉执壶
2007年3月19日 纽约苏富比
成交价：312,000美元
五代—北宋耀州窑青釉刻花罐
2018年5月16日 伦敦苏富比
中国艺术珍品
成交价：187,500英镑
北宋 耀州窑青釉花口渣斗
2015年12月2日 香港佳士得
古韵天成——临宇山人珍藏
成交价：1，960，000港币
结束语：这篇文章以無鉴門珍藏的玉壶春瓶鉴赏解析作为导引，主要对耀州窑的发展史及一些基本的鉴赏知识用高清图片对比的形式做了简单的说明。相信您看过这篇文章以后对耀州窑瓷器的认识和鉴赏有了大致的了解。無鉴門在此非常感谢您的观赏，我们会更加努力，给您最完美的古瓷视觉享受和古瓷的文化传播，带着您一起穿越千年和古人对话感受古文明的气息。同时也非常愿意您能给我提出宝贵意见和文章中不足之处，我们将认真及时的予以改正。也但愿能在您的支持下和無鉴門成为永远的朋友，能够一起携手共创古艺术品文化的辉煌。最后希望您打开前面的音乐，用高山流水这首曲子来结束您的阅读，但愿您和無鉴門能伴随这首曲子节奏相遇相知穿越古今。
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英译：Concluding remarks: This article is guided by the appreciation and analysis of the Jade Pot and Spring Bottle collected in Wujianmen. It mainly explains the development history of Yaozhou Kiln and some basic appreciation knowledge in the form of high-definition picture comparison. I believe you have a general understanding of Yaozhou kiln porcelain after reading this article. Wujianmen is very grateful to you for your appreciation. We will make greater efforts to give you the most perfect visual enjoyment of ancient porcelain and the cultural transmission of ancient porcelain. We will take you through the millennium to experience the atmosphere of ancient civilization through dialogue with the ancients. At the same time, I would like you to give me valuable comments and articles in the wrong, we will seriously and timely corrections. I hope that with your support and without Jianmen, we can become forever friends and work together to create the splendor of ancient art culture. Finally, I hope you can turn on the music in front of you and finish your reading with the song of running mountains and rivers. I hope you and Wujianmen can meet and know each other through the ages with the rhythm of this song.
