damage, destroy 和 ruin 这三个单词均表示"破坏"、"损坏"的意思,但各自的含义和用法不同。
①damage指部分"损坏"、"损害"、"破坏"或指使用价值有所降低。它可以用作动词,也可以用作名词,用作名词时常与to something 连用。例如:
Hundreds of houses in the area were damaged by the storm. 暴风雨毁坏了这个地区数以百计的房屋。
The accident did a lot of damage to his car. 这次车祸使他的车受到很大的损坏。
②destroy 只能用作动词,指彻底破坏,以致不可能修复,常作"破坏"、"毁灭"解,也可以指希望、计划等打破。例如:
The earthquake destroyed almost the whole town. 地震几乎毁灭了整个城镇。
His hope of being a writer was destroyed. 他想成为一个作家的希望破灭了。
③ruin则表示破坏严重,以致不能修复,但这种破坏不像destroy那样毁灭某物,而是强调致使该物的使用价值发生了问题。用作动词时,它作"使毁灭"、"使崩溃"、"弄糟"解;用作名词时,它表示"毁灭"、"瓦解"、"废墟"等抽象概念。ruin也有借喻的用法。例如:
The fire ruined the castle. 那场大火使城堡夷为废墟。
The house has fallen into ruin. 房子倒塌了。
The company is facing ruin. 这家公司面临破产。
hurt, injure, harm, wound
hurt, injure, harm 和 wound 都有"伤"的意思,但各自的含义和用法不同。
①hurt普通用语,既可指肉体上的伤害,也可指精神上、感情上的伤害。如:
The driver hurt himself badly in the accident. 那位司机在这次事故中伤得很重。
She hurt her leg when she fell.她跌倒时,一条腿受了伤。
He felt hurt at your words.你的话使他很难过。
注意:指肉体上的伤害时,hurt可与badly, slightly, seriously等连用;但若指精神上的创伤,只能说very much/rather/deeply hurt。
②injure比hurt正式,hurt 多指伤痛。而injure则指损害健康、成就、容貌等,强调功能的损失。如:
A bullet injured his left eye. 一颗子弹伤了他的左眼。
Drinking can injure one's health. 喝酒对人的健康有害。
I hope I didn't injure her feelings.我希望没有伤害她的感情。
③harm用于肉体或精神上的伤害均可,有时可指引起不安或不便。还可用于抽象事物,尤其是指不道德的事情。如:
Don't harm your eyes by reading in dim light. 不要在昏暗的灯光下看书,以免损害眼睛。
I have never harmed anybody.我从未伤害过任何人。
There was a fire in our street, but no one was harmed. 我们街里曾发生过火灾,但没人受伤。
④wound 指枪伤、刀伤、刺伤等皮肉之伤,是出血的、严重的伤,特指战场上的受伤。它可以指肉体上的伤害。也可比喻指人们精神上的创伤。如:
The bullet wounded his arm. 子弹打伤了他的一只胳膊。
The robber wounded him with a knife.那个强盗用刀刺伤了他。
You have wounded his pride.你伤害了他的自尊心。
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