在The Rhoton Collection解剖视频中，《Cerebellopontine Angle and Fourth Ventricle》这一章节包含了《颞骨解剖（后颅窝部分）》的内容，于是笔者将颞骨解剖（后颅窝部分）与桥小脑角区 合为一篇学习笔记，共108张图片。错误之处，请批评指正！
桥小脑角区
Cerebellopontine Angle
▼今天我们讲的是桥小脑角和相关颞骨的解剖，着重关注面听神经的解剖（下图）。
So we're doing CP angle and temporal bone and we're working in this area here, at VII and VIII.▼下图这个结构是小脑绒球（flocculus ['flɒkjələs]）。我曾在各种会议中问及很多医师，但是不止一位不知道我问的就是小脑绒球，而它正是桥小脑角区的一个重要解剖标志。
And this is...flocculus. I used to be able to ask thousand surgeons in the meeting what that was and...not a single person who look in the CP angle dozens of times really look at the flocculus, but it's an important landmark in CP angle.▼今天要说的神经血管复合体涉及三对重要血管：小脑上动脉、小脑前下动脉、小脑后下动脉。
下图示小脑上动脉 SCA
And we build this complex three arteries：SCA, AICA, PICA.▼下图示 小脑前下动脉 AICA
▼下图示 小脑后下动脉 PICA
▼让我们翻开骨瓣，看一下乙状窦后入路的相关解剖。这是横窦（transverse sigmoid sinus 下图）
And we talked about that bone flap that we turn and here's transverse sigmoid sinus.▼这是星点（asterion [æs'tern]），它一般位于横窦和乙状窦交界处（下图）的浅面，通常是交界处的下半部。
Here's the asterion right here, and it usually sits over the junction of the transverse and sigmoid, usually over the lower half of that junction.▼术中钻孔点通常稍靠内下方，通常位于枕乳缝的后方，枕乳缝(下图)从上向下走行于乙状窦下方。
And the bur hole that we make is usually just a little medial and below, just behind the occipitomastoid suture that runs down and then eventually crosses below the sigmoid sinus.▼现在来看上神经血管复合体。小脑上动脉 环绕 中脑
So this is upper complex, SCA encircling midbrain.▼小脑上动脉 深入 小脑中脑裂 （cerebello-midbrain fissure 下图）之中。
It dips into this fissure▼小脑上动脉 主要供应 小脑半球的小脑幕面
and supplies this tent shaped surface
▼小脑半球的小脑幕面最上部是 上蚓部
that has the vermis at the upper side of it.
▼这些小脑上动脉的分支，穿行在小脑中脑裂中
And these arteries as they come around the SCA, they dip into the the cerebello-midbrain fissure,▼这些小脑上动脉的分支在小脑中脑裂内呈现一系列发卡样转弯，并与滑车神经（下图）相互缠绕。
where it has a series of hairpin turns. It's intertwined with the 4th nerve.▼随后其向下发出分支供应小脑上脚（下图），以及齿状核，后者是小脑出血的最常见部位。
And then it sends its branches down the superior peduncle, then to the dental nucleus, the most common site of cerebellar hemorrhage.▼小脑上动脉自中脑水平发出
The SCA arises at midbrain level, ▼小脑上动脉走行在 动眼神经和滑车神经下方，三叉神经上方。
it passes below III and IV, above V.▼随着年龄的增长小脑上动脉常常向下迂曲。其通常以单一主干起源，随后分为两支，头干（下图）通向蚓部，尾干供应小脑半球幕面。
And with age it often loops downward. It arises usually as a main trunk that divides into a rostral trunk to the vermis, a caudal trunk to the hemisphere.▼下图示 小脑上动脉 尾干， 供应小脑半球小脑幕面
▼这些动脉干都有可能在脑干旁压迫三叉神经。而这正是三叉神经痛微血管减压术中最常见的情况。
And any of these trunks can compress the trigeminal nerve here right adjacent to brainstem. And that's the most common finding in the vascular decompression operation for trigeminal neuralgia.▼术中有时会牺牲这些岩上静脉或其属支，以暴露三叉神经
And when you sacrifice these superior petrosal veins or the tributaries, to get to the trigeminal nerve,▼因此在幕下侧方入路中，接近岩上窦（下图）时，需非常小心地分离出每一支小脑上动脉的分支，它们会在蛛网膜下腔中，与静脉相粘连缠绕。
when you do the lateral infratentorial approach coming adjacent to superior petrosal sinus, always be careful to dissect out any trunks of superior cerebellar artery that may be involved in the arachnid, binding the artery to the veins.▼许多术后发生梗塞的病例往往被考虑为损伤静脉引起的静脉性梗塞，而我认为其实是损伤了小脑上动脉的分支引起的动脉性梗塞。因此在处理这些静脉时仔细操作。
I think a number of cases that are called venous infarction from taking the veins are actually arterial infarction from taking a trunk of the SCA. So be very careful in sacrificing these veins.▼我们继续向下，来看看 桥小脑角（下图），它是小脑岩面包绕脑桥形成的。
Here we come down now we're looking at the CP angle. here where the petrosal surface folds around the lateral margin of the pons.▼这是面神经（下图），从桥延沟的外侧端发出，走行于 脉络丛 及 绒球 的稍上方
And here we see VII arising at the lateral end of the sulcus between the pons and medulla and slightly above the choroidal plexus and flocculus,▼这是 脉络丛（choroidal plexus）
▼这是 小脑绒球（flocculus ['flɒkjələs]）
▼这是Luschka孔（第四脑室外侧孔，位于第四脑室两侧外侧隐窝尖端，与位于菱形窝下角尖部正上方的第四脑室正中孔一起引流第四脑室的脑脊液至蛛网膜下隙）。
▼我们沿舌咽、迷走、副神经（下图）作一连线，并向上延长2~3毫米，即为面神经进入脑干处
And if you draw a line along, down along the arch of the IX, X, XI, and project that line up 2 or 3 millimeters, that's where VII enter the brainstem▼面神经进入脑干处，位于桥延沟的外侧端（下图）
at the lateral end of the sulcus between the pons and medulla.▼这里可见舌下神经位于橄榄核前方。
And here we see XII on the front of the olive,▼而舌咽、迷走、副神经从橄榄核后方发出。
and IX, X, XI arising on the back of the olive.▼外展神经 从 桥延沟内侧段 发出。
We see VI arises in the medial part of the pontomedullary sulcus,▼三叉神经 从 脑桥中部 水平发出。
and V arises at mid pontine level.▼这是桥小脑角的局部观，下图示 Luschka孔
So, here's just CP angle. Luschka,▼面神经、前庭蜗神经
VII、VIII
▼沿舌咽、迷走、副神经作一连线，向上延长2~3毫米，即为面神经进入脑干处，
You draw a line along the origin of these rootlets, go up 2 or 3 millimeters, and that's where VII enters the brainstem▼面神经进入脑干处
▼面神经位于前庭蜗神经的前方。
in front of VIII.
▼当从下图这个方向进行 绒球下入路时，在舌咽神经后方，向上即可见面神经。
And for the infrafloccular approach you come in this direction, behind IX, you look up and you see VII here.▼绒球下入路这一视角中，面神经似乎位于前庭蜗神经下方，实际上位于其前方。
As the view makes it look like it's below VIII, but it's really in front of VIII.▼下面来看第二对 神经血管复合体：小脑前下动脉，起自脑桥水平
And just AICA arises at pontine level▼小脑前下动脉 越过 外展神经
passes by..what nerve? VI.▼随后小脑前下动脉越过 面神经、以及前庭蜗神经。
▼随后深入到的裂隙即所谓的 桥小脑裂 或 桥小脑角。小脑中脚构成桥小脑裂的底。随后，AICA供应小脑岩面的血供。
and then it dips into this cleft that we call the cerebellopontine fissure or angle. In the base of that cleft is the middle cerebellar peduncle. And then it supplies the surface that faces the back of the temporal bone. ▼在三叉神经痛微血管减压术中，通常情况下，年轻人群的小脑上动脉起自中脑水平，并绕行于下部中脑。
And here's what happens in trigeminal neuralgia,normally, early in life, this SCA arises at midbrain level,and it circles the lower midbrain.▼而随着年龄增长，这条动脉向下迂曲，术中可见其从上方压迫三叉神经，或更为向下迂曲而从腋下压迫三叉神经。
But with age, this artery loops downward and in trigeminal neuralgia we find it, often find it sitting here on top of the trigeminal nerve, or loop down into the axilla of the trigeminal nerve.▼这是面神经和前庭蜗神经。
▼这是小脑前下动脉。
▼再让我们看看面肌痉挛术中所见。小脑前下动脉（下图）可向下迂曲压迫面神经。
And here's what can happen in hemifacial spasm.You can have an AICA loop down here next to VII at the junction with the brainstem.
▼约另一半病例，则可见小脑后下动脉（下图）向上迂曲压迫面听神经
Or in about half the cases, the PICA will loop upward under VII and VIII,▼小脑后下动脉（下图）随后下行并从背侧穿行于舌咽神经与迷走神经之间。
and then it'll pass downward and it then passes dorsally some place between IX and the rootlets of XI.▼小脑后下动脉可从背侧走行，此处（下图）看起来似乎在迷走神经和副神经下方，然后行向背侧。实际上它可穿行于舌咽神经至副神经之间的任何部位。
It can be passing dorsal.Here it looks like it's below between X and XI that it passes then dorsally to the nerves. But it can be any place between IX and XI.
颞骨解剖(后颅窝部分)
Navigating the Temporal Bone, Posterior fossa
▼接下来看看内听道口（porus 下图）的解剖。
▼这是面神经
▼这是前庭蜗神经
▼这是弓状下动脉（72%的脑中存在。在内听道口的内侧从AICA发出，穿过弓状下窝表面的硬脑膜进入弓状下管，供应半规管处的岩骨）
We see subarcuate artery,▼这是迷路动脉（进入内听道后分支供应内听道骨壁和覆盖其表面的硬脑膜、内听道内的神经、前庭、耳蜗和内耳等结构）
▼面神经（下图）位于小脑绒球下
facial nerve in the infrafloccular position,▼Luschka孔
▼我们进而磨除内听道后壁。磨除内听道时往往需牺牲弓状下动脉，其盲端位于骨质内。
We drill off the meatus. To drill off the meatus you usually have to sacrifice the subarcuate artery, but it ends blindly in bone.▼大约半数病例中，小脑前下动脉可呈襻状深入内听道口内。
In about half the cases the AICA will loop into the porus.▼我们打开硬膜后，有时小脑前下动脉的血管襻甚至可进入内听道全程直至内听道底。
The...sometimes the AICA can loop all the way to the fundus.▼这是前庭蜗神经
And here we've opened the dura we see VIII,▼面神经
▼中间神经的纤维束
and rootlets of intermedius.▼我们再从后方看内听道内部，这是Bill棒
And here we're looking in from the back, and this is.. Bill's bar,▼这是前庭上神经
▼这是前庭下神经
▼这是蜗神经
▼这是面神经
▼这是中间神经
▼当我们向外侧磨至 内听道口（下图）时，如果病变侵及前庭或半规管，且听力已丧失，我们可以向外侧磨至前庭。
So, now if you drill lateral to the porus of the meatus, you can..if the pathology goes into the vestibule or the canals and hearing is lost, you can drill all the way lateral into the vestibule.▼这是弓状隆起。
And what is this? What is that prominence? Arcuate.▼这是位于中颅窝的 上半规管。
And what canal is that? Superior.the canal of the middle fossa.
▼这是位于后颅窝的后半规管。
And this is...The canal of the posterior fossa, the posterior canal,▼磨除这里将进入 总骨脚，它由 上半规管后脚 与 后半规管上脚 合成。
What did I drill into here? Common crus, the junction of the back end of the superior canal and the up end of the posterior canal.▼我们也可打开 内淋巴囊（endolymphatic sac 下图）。
you can get into the...endolymphatic sac. ▼在内听道后方可见这个裂隙（下图），位于硬膜间。很多人会用医用橡胶堵塞内淋巴囊。
Here we see the hiatus that it sits in the dura on the back of the meatus.Someone are...a lot of you are gonna get a piece of rubber dam into the endolymphatic sac.▼乙状窦（下图）下行，随后转而向上
Sigmoid comes down,and then what turns up▼位于迷路下方的结构是 颈静脉球
under the labyrinth in the infralabyrinthine position? The jugular bulb sits here.▼这里显示的是内淋巴囊的裂隙，其位于硬膜间
So that, here we see the hiatus of the endolymphatic sac. It sits in the dura,▼内淋巴囊由乙状窦钩形包绕。
here in the hook of the sigmoid.▼在暴露时，你可感觉到内淋巴囊，触碰此处的硬膜，会觉得其质地较柔软。
When you expose if you...wait to avoid it, while you can feel the endolymphatic sac in this area. The dura of...you feel through the dura, the dura is gonna get a little softer.▼磨开位于迷路下方的这个区域，即可见颈静脉球位于迷路下方。
And then, this area under the labyrinth, if you drill this out, you see the jugular bulb here in the infralabyrinthine position.▼充分显露颈静脉球，会发现其有时甚至可突入内听道后唇。
So that if we've exposed the jugular bulb here, it can even extend into the posterior lip of the meatus.▼这是前庭蜗神经、蜗神经、面神经。
And this is the...this is VIII, the vestibular nerves. What nerve? Cochlear, facial.▼这是半规管。
And, the canals are here.▼在内听道底（下图）下方，前庭向前与耳蜗相沟通
And below the fundus of the meatus,the vestibule opens into the cochlea that sits here, ▼下图示耳蜗位置
▼耳蜗位于耳蜗三角内。与颈内动脉岩骨段的侧方毗邻。
adjacent this lateral bend of the petrous carotid. And it sits in that cochlear angle.▼现在我们磨除了迷路（下图），前庭开口于内听道底下方，与耳蜗沟通。
So here we've drilled out the labyrinth. And the vestibule opens below the fundus into the cochlea.▼下图示 内听道底
▼下图示 耳蜗
▼这是面神经
And this is going to be facial,▼Bill棒
▼前庭上神经
▼前庭下神经
▼这是前庭下神经的单孔支，其支配后半规管的壶腹。
and this is the singular branch of the inferior vestibular that innervates the ampulla of the posterior canal. ampulla [æm'pʊlə] 壶腹
▼前庭上神经 支配 上半规管 和 外侧半规管 的 壶腹。
And what canals does the superior innervate? The superior and lateral canal ampulla.▼这是卵圆窗，镫骨位于此处。
And this is the...oval window in which the stapes sits.▼这是右侧内听道底的骨性开口，下图是 Bill棒
So, you're looking at the fundus of the right meatus, Bill's bar,▼水平嵴
transverse crest
▼面神经
▼前庭上神经
▼前庭下神经
▼蜗神经
▼这是 单孔（singular foramen），其容纳支配后半规管壶腹的前庭下神经的单孔支。
singular foramen for the branch of the inferior vestibular that goes to the posterior canal ampulla.
