髋关节-韧带关节囊(Hip-Ligaments & Joint Capsule)-双语学习

Description  概述

The hip articulation is true diarthroidal ball and-socket style joint, formed from the head of the femur as it articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis. This joint serves as the main connection between the lower extremity and the trunk, and typically works in a closed kinematic chain.

髋关节是真正的球窝式关节，由股骨头与骨盆髋臼构成。髋关节是下肢和躯干之间的主要连接，在一个密闭的运动链中运动。

Motions Available  髋关节可做的动作

• Flexion: forward and upward movement of the femur at the hip occurs in the sagittal plane about an medial-lateral axis.
• Extension: upward movement toward the rear of the body of the femur at the hip occuring in the sagittal plane.
• Abduction: movement of the femur on the hip in a direction away from the midline of the body in the frontal plane.
• Adduction: movement of the femur on the hip in a direction toward the midline of the body in the frontal plane.
• Internal Rotation: rotation of the femur toward the midline of the body in the transverse plane.
• External Rotation: rotation of the femur away from the midline of the body in the transverse plane.

屈曲:  髋部股骨向前和向上的运动，发生在矢状位上，在中轴-外侧。

伸展:  髋关节向股骨后方的向上运动，发生在矢状面。

外展:  髋部股骨向远离身体中线的方向，向前平面的运动。

内收:  髋部股骨向身体前平面中线方向的运动。

内旋:  股骨在横向面向身体中线方向旋转。

外旋:  股骨在横向面远离身体中线的旋转。

Ligaments & Joint Capsule   韧带及关节囊

Notable Ligaments: 主要韧带

• Ligamentum Teres: This ligament is located entirely within the hip joint.  It spans the hip running from the acetabular notch to the fovis capitis of the femur, attaching the femoral head to the inferior acetabular rim.  This ligament is joined with nerves and vessels that pass to the femoral head. The vascular component of this structure is important during development, but is less significant in children. This ligament becomes taut during adduction, flexion, and external rotation, but only minimally contributes to joint stability.
  
• Ischiofemoral Ligament: Is the only ligament located on the posterior aspect of the hip. It attaches to the posterior surface of the acetabular rim and labrum. This ligament is said to 'wind' around the joint and insert on the anterior aspect of the femur. The location and orientation of this ligament reinforces the joint capsule posteriorly and checks against excessive extension and internal rotation of the hip joint.
  
• Iliofemoral Ligament (Y Ligament of Bigelow): Attaches to the AIIS and then fans out to attach along the intertrochanteric line of the femur.  The iliofemoral ligament is the strongest ligament in the body, and checks extension, adduction (superior fibers), and abduction (inferior fibers). In addition, because this ligament limits hip extension, it allows maintenance of the upright posture by reducing the need for muscle contractions.
  
• Pubofemoral Ligament: Is located on the anterior portion of the joint, arising from the anterior aspect of the pubic ramus and passing to the anterior surface of the intertrochanteric fossa. This ligament's main purpose is to check hip abduction and extension. This ligament may blend with the inferior fibers of the iliofemoral ligament.

圆韧带:  这个韧带完全位于髋关节内。它横跨髋关节从髋臼切迹到股骨头凹，将股骨头连接到髋臼下缘。这条韧带与神经和血管连接并到达股骨头。这种结构的血管成分在发育过程中很重要，但在儿童中不那么重要。该韧带在内收、屈曲和外旋时绷紧，它对关节稳定性的影响不大。

坐骨股韧带:  是唯一位于髋关节后方的韧带。它附着在髋臼边缘和唇的后表面。这个韧带绕着关节“缠绕”并止于股骨的前部。韧带的方位加强了关节囊的后部，主要检查髋关节过伸和内旋。

髂股韧带(毕格罗Y韧带):  附着在AIIS上，然后沿股骨转子间线呈扇形散开附着。髂股韧带是人体最强壮的韧带，主要检查伸展、内收(上纤维)和外展(下纤维)。此外，由于这个韧带限制了髋关节的伸展，它可以通过减少肌肉收缩来保持直立的姿势。

耻骨股韧带:  位于关节的前部，起源于耻骨支的前部，经过转子间窝的前表面。这个韧带主要检查髋关节外展和伸展。这个韧带可能与髂股韧带的下纤维混合。

Joint Capsule:  关节囊

The hip joint is extremely strong, due to its reinforcement by strong ligaments and musculature, providing a relatively stable joint. Unlike the weak articular capsule of the shoulder, the hip joint capsule is a substantial contributor to joint stability. The capsule is thicker anterosuperiorly where the predominant stresses of weight bearing occur, and is thinner posteroinferiorly.
由于强大的韧带和肌肉的加固，髋关节是非常坚固的，构成一个相对稳定的关节。与肩关节囊薄弱不同，髋关节囊对关节稳定性有重要作用。在主要的承重应力的地方，形成前上厚，后下薄的囊体。

髋关节解剖