Lumbar stenosis is narrowing of the spinal canal and narrowing of the intervertebral foramen, which is the nerve root canal. Hypertrophy of the facet joints, hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum, disc degeneration, or arthritis are all examples of conditions which constrict the nerve root canals, causing compression of the spinal nerves and sciatica. There are two types of lumbar stenosis- central and lateral.腰椎管狭窄包括椎管狭窄和椎间孔狭窄。 小关节的肥大、黄韧带肥厚、椎间盘退变及关节炎都可使椎管缩小，导致脊神经和坐骨神经受压。 腰椎管狭窄有两种类型：中央型和外侧型。
In patients with lumbar spinal stenosis, their pain will be better with flexion, or leaning forward over an object (like a shopping cart). However, the pain will be exacerbated with extension of the back. Leaning forward helps relieves some pain because it increase the foramen size by about 12%, but leaning backwards worsens the pain because it reduces the foramen size by about 20%. A neurological exam is normal in about 50% of patients with spinal stenosis.腰椎管狭窄患者，屈曲弯腰或前倾扶物（如购物车）时，疼痛会缓解，相反疼痛会随着背伸而加剧。 前倾会使孔大小增加约12％，有助于减轻疼痛，而后倾会使孔大小减少约20％，使疼痛加剧。 大约50％的椎管狭窄患者神经系统检查正常。
Central canal stenosis is responsible for giving neurologic claudication. Patients may have leg pain, back pain, buttock pain, weakness, cramps of the calf, and a heavy feeling sensation. Flexion of the back relieving pain is a positive sign for spinal stenosis, but history is the key for making a diagnosis of spinal stenosis.中央型狭窄可导致神经跛行。病人可能有腿痛、背痛、臀部痛、无力、小腿痉挛和感觉沉重。弯腰疼痛缓解是椎管狭窄的重要症状，但病史是诊断椎管狭窄的关键。
Lateral recess stenosis will give radicular symptoms. It can occur in the nerve root canal.侧隐窝狭窄会引起根性症状，发生在神经根管。
Neural foraminal stenosis occurs in the intervertebral foramen.神经孔狭窄发生在椎间孔中。
If spinal stenosis is found, look for other conditions, such as hip problems, metastatic tumors, or vascular conditions. The pulses should also always be examined. Neurogenic claudication and vascular claudication may coexist!
如果发现椎管狭窄，要寻找原因，如髋关节问题、转移性肿瘤或血管疾病。脉搏也应经常检查，神经源性跛行与血管性跛行可能共存!
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