货物熏蒸

01

货物熏蒸CARGO FUMIGATION

1.在工业上这是一种普通做法,那些由人或动物消耗的货物被熏蒸处理,用于杀灭货物内匿藏的虫子或害虫.

It is a common practice in the industry, that cargoes which are meant for human or animal consumption are fumigated to kill any insects or pests that may be harbouring within the cargo. 

2.请参阅IMO出版物<船上杀虫剂的安全使用>一书中的指南,这些简明的指南用来强调主要的危险.

Guidelines given in the IMO publication 'Safe Use of Pesticides in Ships’ should be referred to. These brief guidelines are given to highlight the main dangers. 

3.熏剂的危险DANGERS OF FUMIGANTS

已经发生过船员进入接触由这些熏剂放出有毒物质而污染的船体结构从而导致丧命的事例.

There have been cases of crew members losing their life when they have come in contact with the toxic frames emitted by these fumigants.

熏剂具有很大的穿透力,可能会渗入邻近的舱室.

Fumigants have great penetrating power and may seep into adjacent compartments.

而且,粮食货物会导致氧气消耗,加大了熏舱期间的风险.

Furthermore, grain cargo may lead to oxygen depletion, adding to the risks present during fumigation.

熏剂由于具有特殊的性质,会对一些货物造成污染或沾染.

Fumigants by their very nature could cause contamination and taint to some cargoes that they may come to contact with. 

在空气/磷化氢混和的情况下,-如磷化氢浓度超过易燃限度-会在一个受限空间内引燃.这隐含爆炸发生的高度可能性.

In the event that a mixture of air/phosphine -in which the phosphine concentration exceeds its inflammable limit - is ignited in a confined space, it is highly probable that an explosion will occur.

磷化铝片剂用于常规熏舱,每年都有极其大量的水运货物用其熏舱而未发生任何问题.爆炸事故也极其罕见,熏剂爆炸仅在公司使用廉价的磷化铝片剂而遇到过.

Aluminium phosphide tablets are routinely used in fumigation and a very large number of shipments are fumigated annually without any problems. Incidences of explosions are therefore very rare and fumigant explosions have only been encountered when companies have used cheaper brands of aluminium phosphide tablets.

4.使用熏剂FUMIGANTS IN USE

甲基溴和磷化氢都是被广泛使用的产品. 氢氰酸偶尔还会用到.当处理时货舱应该被清空.二氧化碳,氮气,以及甲基溴/二氧化碳混合物业可以当作熏舱剂使用,只是很少用到.

Methyl bromide and “phosphine” (hydrogen phosphide) are the products used most widely. Hydrogen cyanide is still employed occasionally, but the cargo spaces must be empty when treated. Carbon dioxide, nitrogen and a methyl bromide/carbon dioxide mix may also be used as fumigants but are much less common.

4.1  甲基溴Methyl bromide

该熏剂仅适用于通过熏蒸分离装置进行熏舱,可在靠泊或锚地时施行.按通常惯例船员在熏舱前必须离船,当熏舱负责人证实被处理过的空间为”不含有毒气体”时才可返回.

This fumigant is applied only by a fumigator separator either alongside or when vessel is at anchor. It is customary to disembark the crew prior to fumigation and return only when treated spaces are certified as “gas-free” by the fumigator-in-charge.

4.2氢氰酸Hydrogen cyanide

一般来说, 氢氰酸气体仅用于控制密闭空间的昆虫传染和/或啮齿类动物.再有,遵循与甲基溴熏舱相同的程序,在施行前通常所有人必须离船.

Typically, hydrogen cyanide gas is used to control insect infection and/or rodents only within empty cargo spaces. Again the same procedure is followed as for methyl bromide and is usual for all personnel to disembark beforehand.

作为一种杀虫剂, 氢氰酸气体在很大程度上被氟代醋酸钠所取代.当船员还在船上时,投放能够带来更少风险的老鼠药的方式可能会被承包商所采用.

As an eradicator of vermin, hydrogen cyanide gas has been largely replaced by sodium fluoroacetate, a rat poison which carries less risk and may be applied by the contractor while the crew is still on board.

4.3  磷化氢Phosphine

磷化氢经常用于在运输途中货物熏蒸.适用的办法可能包括探测器,穿孔管或注射设备的使用,只做表面处理-是时下最常用的做法.

Phosphine is used regularly to fumigate cargo while in transit. Methods of application may involve the use of probes, perforated tubing or injection equipment, but surface-only treatment is the most prevalent.

5.要求货物熏蒸REQUEST FOR CARGO FUMIGATION

每当船长从租船人或托运人处收到进行熏舱的要求,应向公司通报以下详情:

Whenever the master receives a request from the charterers or shippers to carry out fumigation, he shall inform the office with the following details:

·      要求熏舱方Party ordering fumigation:

·      要求熏舱的处所Spaces required to be fumigated:

·      采用的熏舱方式Type of fumigant to be used:

·      推荐的应用方法Method of application recommended :

·      负责熏舱的公司名称Name of fumigating company:

·      是否收到物质安全数据表Material Data sheets received : Yes / No

·      是否收到熏舱物质残余物的处理介绍Instructions on Disposal of Residual Fumigant Material received : Yes / No

船长应要求租家提供必要的设备用于大气监测,是否存在有毒气体.

Master must request charterers for the necessary equipment for monitoring the atmosphere, for the gases that will be present.

6.确保船上携带以下设备和使用介绍:

Ensure that the ship carries the following equipment and instructions:

a)带有操作说明的合适的有毒气体探测设备(至少配备2人,最好是一位高级船员和一位普通船员受过相当培训.)

Appropriate gas detection equipment together with operating instructions.(at least two persons, preferably one officer and one crew member of the ship staff should be trained accordingly)

b)足于对处所进行至少每8个小时抽样检测的消耗品.

consumables sufficient to allow spaces to be sampled at least every eight hours,

c)安全工作状态的阀极限值

Threshold Limit Values (TLV’s) for safe working conditions,

d)熏舱物质残余物的处理介绍

Instructions for the disposal of residual fumigant material,

e)至少4具专用于熏舱的呼吸保护设备

At least four sets of respiratory protective equipment suitable for use with the fumigant applied,

f)相关的药物和医疗设备,以及

Relevant medicines and medical equipment, and

g)医疗急救指南最新版本(也在国际危规补编内再版),用于船上运载的危险货物由于熏舱剂的使用而发生的事故

The latest version of the Medical First Aid Guide (MFAG) (also reproduced in the Supplement to the IMDG Code) for use in accidents involving dangerous goods are carried on board for the fumigants to be used.

7.港内熏舱FUMIGATION CARRIED OUT IN PORT

当货舱处于清空状态时,通常使用甲基溴熏蒸货舱.

Usually Methyl bromide is the fumigant used when the cargo hold is fumigated when in empty condition.

在货舱处所使用熏剂前,船员必须被送至岸上逗留.

Prior to the application of fumigants to cargo spaces, the crew should be landed and remain ashore.

熏剂仅可由合格的熏舱公司的熏舱负责人指导下施行

The fumigant is applied only by a qualified fumigating company under the directions of fumigator-in-charge.

舷梯口应安排守卫,以免外人误入,舷梯处张贴警告牌.

A watchman to the posted at the gangway to prevent unauthorised boarding. Warning signs are posted at the gangway.

在熏舱完成后,空间与大气相通(通风), 熏舱负责人将检测舱内残存毒气的阀极限值(参阅附则2-IMO出版物<船上杀虫剂的安全使用>一书中的推荐).

On completion of the period of fumigation, the space is aerated (ventilated) and the fumigator-in-charge will check the TLV (Threshold Limit Value) of the gas present in the hold. (Refer Annex 2 – IMO Recommendations on the “Safe Use of Pesticides in Ships”)

船员仅可在熏舱负责人证实被处理舱室及其邻近舱室为不含毒气时方可返回.一份不含毒气证书应交给船长.

The crew shall return on board only once the treated spaces and adjoining spaces are certified by the fumigator-in-charge, as gas free. A Gas-free certificate shall be handed over to the Master.

万一熏舱负责人要求船员协助驱散熏舱药剂(例如开舱盖),船长在答应该要求前应取得公司批准.

In case of any request by the Fumigator-in-charge to have ships crew to assist in dispersing of the fumigants (eg. Opening of hatch covers), the Master must seek approval from the office prior accepting such requests.

船员在非不含毒气证实区域从事任何工作前(如需要)应穿戴呼吸保护设备

The crew shall wear respiratory protective equipment, prior carrying out any work (if required) in a non-gas free certified area.

8.运输途中熏舱FUMIGATION IN TRANSIT

运输途中熏舱仅可在船长认为万无一失以及取得公司批准后方可进行

Fumigation in transit should only be carried out at the discretion of the master and on receiving approval from office.

熏舱前应采取下列预防措施:

Prior Fumigation the following preparation to be carried out:

大副和水手长应当受过合适的相关培训即熏舱剂的危险及其安全预防措施.具体来说他们还应该熟悉:

The Chief Officer and Bosun should have received appropriate training in the hazards and safety precautions in the use of the fumigant. In particular they shall be familiar with:

i.物质安全数据表的信息The information given in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).

ii.熏舱剂标签或包装的操作说明,诸如熏剂在空气中的探测方法,其表现和危险特性,中毒症状,相关急救和特别医疗和应急程序.

The instructions on the fumigant label or package itself, such as the recommendations of the fumigant manufacturer concerning methods of detection of the fumigant in air, its behaviour and hazardous properties, symptoms of poisoning, relevant first aid and special medical treatment and emergency procedures.  

大副和水手长经培训后应在熏舱进行前向船员作简要说明.大副应和熏舱负责人一起检查货舱是否足够气密防止毒气漏入生活区,机舱,物料间,干隔间等,对污水,压载和通风系统尤应特别注意.

熏舱负责人应提供一份已签署的区域安全和准备熏舱的声明

The Trained Chief Officer and Bosun shall brief the crew before the fumigation takes place.

Checks should be made by the Chief Officer alongwith the Fumigator-in-charge of all the Cargo spaces that are to be fumigated to determine whether the holds can be made sufficiently gas tight to prevent leakage into accommodation, engine room, store areas, void spaces etc. Special attention should be given to bilge, ballast and ventilation systems.

The Fumigator-in-charge must provide a signed declaration of the areas that are safe and ready to be fumigated. 

9.在熏剂使用期间DURING APPLICATION OF THE FUMIGANT

熏蒸处所应加封和足够气密

The space being fumigated shall be sealed and sufficiently gas-tight.

熏剂应由穿戴必要的呼吸保护装置的合格熏舱人员管理

The fumigant will be administered by a qualified fumigator wearing the necessary respiratory protective equipment.

警告牌应装贴在所有实施熏舱的处所进口前,任何其他相邻舱室必须宣布进入不安全.警告牌应标明:

Warning signs to be posted at all entrances to the spaces fumigated and any other adjoining spaces declared unsafe for entry. The warning sign shall indicate:

i.熏剂名称

Name of Fumigant.

ii.实施日期和时间

Date and Time of Application.

在毒气达到足够高的浓度的适当时间之后,大副,水手长和熏舱负责人一同检查邻近舱室,生活区,机舱和其他工作场所的毒气水平.

The Chief Officer and Bosun along with the Fumigator-in-charge after an appropriate time given for the gas to have reached sufficiently high concentrations - check the gas concentration levels in all the adjoining spaces, accommodation, engine room and other work spaces.

如发现任何区域的毒气水平含量较高-应进行调查和排除泄漏.

Any areas where gas concentration level have been found to be higher should be investigated and leakages eliminated.

仅在满意的检查完成之后,船长方可签署有熏舱负责人递交的”完工”证书

Only on satisfactory completion of the checks, the Master shall sign the “Completion” certificate handed over by the Fumigator-in-charge.

10.航行期间DURING VOYAGE

应每天2次,即早晚各一次队下列处所进行毒气含量安全检查:生活区进口,机舱,物料间,其他普通工作间.对邻近熏蒸货舱的甲板和起重机操作室.检测结果应该记入航海日志 .

除了特别紧急,用于航行途中熏舱的货舱封闭空间在海上不得打开和不得进入.如必须进入,应最少2人同行,穿戴自给式呼吸器和个人保护,系安全带,外部安排一人照料救生绳,此人应和进入者的穿戴一致.

进入封闭空间如压载舱,双层底,管子弄,干隔间等,仅在了解到是否绝对必要及仅在采取了最大限度的安全措施之后方可进行.

Gas concentration safety checks shall be carried out, twice a day, morning and evening, in appropriate locations such as: accommodation entrances, engine room spaces, stores and other general work spaces. Special attention must be given to Deck and Cranehouses adjacent to fumigated cargo spaces. The monitored values shall be recorded in the Deck Log-book

Except in extreme emergency, cargo spaces sealed for fumigation in transit should never be opened at sea or entered. If entry is imperative, at least two persons should enter, wearing self-contained breathing apparatus, adequate protective and a safety harness and lifeline tended by a person outside the space, similarly equipped with protective, self-contained breathing apparatus.

Entry in Enclosed Spaces such as ballast tanks, double bottoms, duct keel, cofferdam etc. should be undertaken only if absolutely necessary and only after taking utmost safety precautions.

 11. 抵港前PRIOR TO ARRIVAL

至少提前24小时通知目的地的有关当局,告知其采取了航行途中熏舱以及熏舱剂的名称,熏舱日期,处理的货舱,以及是否进行了通风.船长可以向租船人寻求建议何时开始通风,但总的来说通风应提前至少24小时就得开始.

At least 24 hours notice should be given to the appropriate authorities at the vessel’s destination, advising them that fumigation in transit is taking place and informing them of the type of fumigant, the date of fumigation, the cargo spaces treated, and whether ventilation has commenced. Master can seek advice from charterers on when ventilation should be started, but generally ventilation must start at least 24 hours in advance.

在海上通风时应采取下述措施:

When ventilating at sea the following precautions must be taken:-

i.调整船舶航向以使风将溢出的毒气吹离船员居住区和工作场所

Vessels course to be adjusted such that the wind blows the escaping gas away from the crew living and working quarters.

ii.每8小时检测毒气浓度,查明不至于超过阀极限值.

Gas concentrations to be checked every 8 hours to ascertain that they do not exceed the TLV.

iii.如可能,采取强制通风

Forced ventilation shall be adopted wherever possible.

12.抵港时ON ARRIVAL PORT

应查明卸货港接受熏蒸货物的地方性要求.一旦证实,船长负责提供有关熏剂及处理熏剂残余物的操作说明等详细资料.

At the discharge port the local requirements for receiving fumigated cargo should be ascertained. Once established, the master should provide those responsible with detailed information regarding the fumigant together with the instructions for disposing of any residual fumigant material.

在允许人员进入货舱前,穿戴呼吸保护设备的熏舱公司的代表(或其授权人)应监控毒气浓度以确保不存在任何危险.

Before personnel are permitted to enter the cargo spaces, representatives from a                 fumigation company (or other authorized persons) wearing respiratory protection should monitor the gas concentrations to ensure that no danger exists.

特别重要的是,应清晰地认识到磷化氢片剂在短航线时可能不会完全分解.

It is particularly important to recognize that phosphide tablets may not always                 decompose completely during short passages.

监控读数应记入航海日志.

The monitored readings should be entered in the deck logbook.

货舱应用机械卸空,不需要人员进入包含熏蒸货物的处所.如果情况不允许,该空间应被连续检测,必要时穿戴自给式呼吸器..

The cargo should be discharged mechanically without the need for personnel to enter spaces containing fumigated cargo. If unavoidable, the spaces should be monitored continuously and self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn as necessary.

13.完成ON COMPLETION

卸货接近尾声时,在确认不含毒气之后人员方可进入货舱.

Towards the end of the discharge, no one should enter the cargo spaces until confirmed as being gas free.

查核细节应记入航海日志

Verification details should be recorded in the deck log book.

警告牌应保留到该区域达到不含毒气状态.

The warning notices should remain in place until this condition has been reached.

14.尽管在熏舱期间要求有众多的保护措施,货舱处所的小规模泄漏现象总是可能存在的,且能躲过检测.因此更为重要的是,当必须进入不经常有人进入的空间时,应遵守进入封闭舱室程序,如压载舱,双层底,管子弄,干隔舱等.同样地,甲板桅房,船首楼和甲板物料室应确认是否有毒气积聚.

In spite of the many safeguards required during fumigation, it is always possible that small leaks from cargo spaces may escape detection. This makes it all the more important for enclosed space procedures to be followed if it becomes necessary to enter                compartments which are seldom occupied. Examples may include ballast tanks, double              bottoms, duct keels and cofferdams. Similarly, gas has been known to accumulate in               deckhouses, forecastle spaces and deck store rooms.