标准是国际自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录（或称IUCN红色名录，简称红皮书）于1963年开始编制。绝灭（EX, Extinct）野外绝灭（EW, Extinct in the Wild）极危（CR, Critically Endangered）濒危（EN, Endangered）易危（VU, Vulnerable）/ˈvʌln(ə)rəb(ə)l/近危（NT, Near Threatened）无危（LC, Least Concern）数据缺乏（DD, Data Deficient）未评估（NE, Not Evaluated）
王企鹅属 Aptenodytes——collectively known as "the great penguins".有资料显示，所有现存企鹅均由王企鹅属繁衍出来，DNA证据表明繁衍约于4千万年前发生。
1-皇帝企鹅 Aptenodytes forsteri【NT】，Emperor penguin,常简称为帝企鹅或皇企鹅，是企鹅家族中体型最大的属种，成年皇帝企鹅身高可达120厘米，体重可达46公斤。公皇帝企鹅双腿和腹部下方之间有一块布满血管的紫色皮肤的育儿袋，能让蛋在环境温度低达零下华氏180度(摄氏零下117度)的低温中保持在舒适的华氏97度(摄氏36度)，小皇帝企鹅身上的浅灰白色绒羽可御寒防风，但不防水，防水的陵羽要等到它们快成年时才会长出，慢慢替换身上的绒羽，身体下方的绒羽会先掉。群居，极冷时抱在一起取暖。The only penguin species that breeds during the Antarctic winter, emperor penguins trek 50–120 km (31–75 mi) over the ice to breeding colonies which may include thousands of individuals.Its diet consists primarily of fish, but can also include crustaceans, such as krill, and cephalopods, such as squid. 寿命20年，个别50年。 Feathers provide 80–90% of its insulation, and it has a layer of sub-dermal fat which may be up to 3 cm (1.2 in) thick before breeding.The total population was estimated in 2009 to be at around 595,000 adult birds, in 46 known colonies spread around the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic; around 35% of the known population lives north of the Antarctic Circle. Major breeding colonies were located at Cape Washington, Coulman Island in Victoria Land, Halley, Cape Colbeck, and Dibble Glacier.主要繁殖殖民地位于华盛顿角，维多利亚州的库尔曼岛，哈雷，科尔贝克角和迪布尔冰川。【无巢】
2-国王企鹅 Aptenodytes patagonicus 【LC】，King Penguin，国王企鹅，是企鹅家族中体型第二大的属种，成年国王企鹅高约90厘米，重11至15千克，仅小于皇帝企鹅。全世界，国王企鹅数量约有400万只，被分为两个亚种（A. p. patagonicus和A. p. halli），种群数量仍在继续增加中。King penguins no longer breed in Patagonia, or indeed any other part of South America. They used to breed on Islas de los Estados (Staten Island) until the colony was wiped out by sealers during the 19th Century. There is a breeding population of about 400 pairs on the Falkland Islands福克兰群岛, but the main breeding colonies are found on the islands of South Georgia, Crozet, Prince Edward, Kerguelen, Macquarie and Heard, which all lie close to the Antarctic Convergence.150 - 300m, with 500m being the maximum depth recorded for this species.lay a single egg of around 310g, which they hold on their feet for the entire incubation period of about 55 days.chicks are also held on the parents feet for the first 30 - 40 days.Preferred breeding sites are flat coastal plains within easy reach of the ocean via a sandy beach.
阿德利企鹅属 Pygoscelis--collectively known as "brush-tailed penguins".
3-巴布亚企鹅（绅士企鹅） Pygoscelis papua【LC】 Gentoo penguin，金图企鹅，体型第三大，游速最快36km每小时。雄性的巴布亚企鹅在换毛前最多可重达8.5公斤，交配前最少也重约5.5公斤。雌性巴布亚企鹅在换毛前则最多重约7.5公斤，但在孵出幼企鹅之后，它们日以继夜的看守着巢，体重亦随之降至5公斤或以下。明显的特征是头顶有一条宽阔的白色条纹。幼企鹅背部呈灰色，腹部呈白色。成年的巴布亚企鹅高75至90公分。眼睛上方有一个明显的白斑，嘴细长，嘴角呈红色，眼角处有一个红色的三角形，显得眉清目秀。俗称“绅士企鹅”。最主要的几个巴布亚企鹅族群均在福克兰群岛、南乔治亚和凯尔盖朗群岛；也有一些巴布亚企鹅在麦夸里岛、赫德岛（Heard Islands）、南设得兰群岛和南极半岛繁殖，但这些族群的巴布亚企鹅数量就相对较少。全球每年有逾300,000对巴布亚企鹅在各地进行繁殖。巴布亚企鹅的巢是由一大堆石头绕圈而设的，其大小不可小觑，可高达20公分，直径25公分。它们会守着自己找来的石头，慢慢建巢，有时也会出现为石头的拥有权而争执的情况。此外，雌性的巴布亚企鹅在选择配偶时也会观察追求者所建的巢如何。【有巢】The gentoo penguin is easily recognized by the wide white stripe extending like a bonnet across the top of its head and its bright orange-red bill. It has pale whitish-pink webbed feet and a fairly long tail - the most prominent tail of all penguins.【生两蛋】
4-阿德利企鹅 Pygoscelis adeliae【NT】Adélie penguin,有38个分布的地区，在罗斯海区域内共有逾500万只阿德利企鹅。其活动范围包括南极大陆四周的沿海地区，但只限于南极幅合带（Antarctic Convergence）以南的海域，阿德利企鹅长约30至50公分，平均重4.5公斤。头部呈蓝绿色，嘴为黑色，眼圈呈白色，嘴角亦有细长的白色羽毛围绕，甚至掩盖着其黑色喙的大部分面积。其尾部比其他企鹅的尾部稍长。以群体的方式觅食、筑巢及社交。繁殖地位于南极大陆的南纬60度以南的沿岸及部分亚南极岛屿。它们会在每年的10月抵达繁殖地。它们的巢是由石头堆积而成的。阿德利企鹅每次会产下两蛋，但若非食物丰足，通常只有一名子女能存活。在12月，也就是南极全年最和暖的季节（温度约为-2°C），它们就会开始孵蛋；到了3月，成年企鹅和幼企鹅会回到海洋去。阿德利企鹅居住在浮冰上，但却要在没有冰的陆地上进行繁殖。Distinctive marks are the white ring surrounding the eye and the feathers at the base of the bill. These long feathers hide most of the red bill. The tail is a little longer than other penguins' tails. The appearance looks somewhat like a tuxedo. They are a little smaller than other penguin species.
5-南极企鹅 Pygoscelis antarctica【LC】，Chinstrap penguin，（帽带企鹅、颊带企鹅、胡须企鹅）生活在南桑威奇群岛、南极洲、南奥克尼群岛（South Orkney Islands）、南设得兰、南乔治亚岛、布韦岛、巴勒尼群岛（Balleny Islands）和彼得一世岛等地的企鹅。其头部下面有一条黑色的纹带，使它们看上去好像在戴着盔帽一般，故又称颊带企鹅或帽带企鹅，亦因为它们有这些特征，它们成为了最容易被辨认的企鹅之一。它们身长68公分，全球迄今为止共有7,500,000对有繁殖能力的南极企鹅。成年的南极企鹅平均重约4.5公斤[1]。它们主要以磷虾、虾和鱼类为食。在陆地上，南极企鹅会筑起一个个由石头组成圆形的巢，每次孵约两只蛋，而孵蛋的工序则会由雄性和雌性轮流进行，为期5至10天。它们亦会在冰山上进行繁殖，但毕竟它们是比较喜欢在没有冰的环境下繁殖。幼企鹅会在约35天后孵出，初生时，其背部和腹部分别有灰色和白色的绒毛。幼企鹅在巢中多逗20至30天之后就会离巢。在出生后50至60天后，它们会换毛，换为成体的毛之后就可以出海。南极企鹅是最大胆和最具侵略性的企鹅之一。They breed in Antarctica, Argentina, Bouvet Island, Chile, the Falkland Islands, the French Southern Territories, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Vagrant individuals have been found in New Zealand, the islands of Saint Helena and Tristan da Cunha, and South Africa. Global population is estimated at least 8 million.【有巢】【生两蛋】
冠企鹅属 Eudyptes = Crested penguin 即有冠的企鹅 All are black and white penguins with yellow crests, red bills and eyes, and are found on Subantarctic islands in the world's southern oceans. All lay two eggs, but raise only one young per breeding season; the first egg laid is substantially smaller than the second.
6-南跳岩企鹅 Eudyptes chrysocome 【VU】Southern rockhopper penguin，This is the smallest yellow-crested, black-and-white penguin in the genus Eudyptes. It reaches a length of 45–58 cm (18–23 in) and typically weighs 2–3.4 kg.although there are records of exceptionally large rockhoppers weighing 4.5 kg.It has slate-grey upper parts and has straight, bright yellow eyebrows ending in long yellowish plumes projecting sideways behind a red eye.Their common name refers to the fact that, unlike many other penguins which get around obstacles by sliding on their bellies or by awkward ⊙︿⊙climbing using their flipper-like wings as aid, rockhoppers will try to jump over boulders and across cracks.Their breeding colonies are located from sea-level to cliff-tops and sometimes inland. Their breeding season starts in September and ends in November. Two eggs are laid but only one is usually incubated.Incubation lasts 35 days and their chicks are brooded for 26 days. Rockhopper penguins are present at a variety of climates and locations; Amsterdam Island's (AMS) subtropical waters, Kerguelen Archipelago's (KER) subarctic coastal waters, and Crozet Archipelago's (CRO) subantarctic coastal waters.It occurs in subantarctic waters of the western Pacific and Indian Oceans, as well as around the southern coasts of South America.有分为东、西两种跳岩企鹅。
7-北跳岩企鹅 Eudyptes moseleyi 【EN】Northern rockhopper penguin,Moseley's rockhopper penguin, or Moseley's penguin,declined by 90% since the 1950s. For this reason, the northern rockhopper penguin is classified as endangered.More than 99% of northern rockhoppers breed on Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island in the south Atlantic Ocean.
8-峡湾企鹅Eudyptes pachyrhynchus【VU】【EN】 Fiordland penguin ，凤冠企鹅、福德兰企鹅， 毛利企鹅（Tawaki）、峡湾冠企鹅、凤冠企鹅和福德兰企鹅，是冠企鹅的一种，主要栖息在新西兰南岛的海岸、菲奥德兰和附近的斯图尔特岛。a crested penguin species endemic to New Zealand. It currently breeds along the south-western coasts of New Zealand's South Island as well as on Stewart Island/Rakiura and its outlying islands.Because it originally ranged beyond Fiordland, it is sometimes referred to as the New Zealand crested penguin.The main threats are introduced predators such dogs, cats, rats, and especially stoats. They are also vulnerable to human disturbance, fleeing nests and leaving chicks exposed to predators.成年时平均身高可长到60公分长，体重可到3.7公斤。湾企鹅体型中等，头顶拥有黄色的凤冠（冠企鹅属成员的象征），脸部、背部、手部和尾巴的毛色呈现黑色或蓝灰色，腹部毛色则是白色。部分较年长的峡湾企鹅头上的凤冠毛会低垂至眼睛、脖子。该种的脸颊两侧平均会各有3～6条白色纹路。峡湾企鹅会在繁殖季节里筑巢，也就是6～7月这段时间。筑巢地点通常是在沿海的温带雨林，且筑在洞穴或岩石上。峡湾企鹅和大多数鸟类一样属于“一夫一妻制”，一对交配完成的企鹅通常会在巢穴产下1～2颗蛋，而找不到配偶的只能自己筑一个巢，过着“独居”生活。约经过30～36天，小企鹅就会破壳而出。
9-史纳尔岛企鹅 Eudyptes robustus 【VU】Snares penguin,also known as the Snares crested penguin and the Snares Islands penguin, is apenguin from New Zealand. The species breeds on The Snares, a group of islands off the southern coast of the South Island. This is a medium-small, yellow-crested penguin, at a size of 50–70 cm (19.5–27.5 in) and a weight of 2.5–4 kg (5.5–8.8 lb).The Snares penguin's main prey is krill磷虾, supplemented by squid乌贼 and small fish, cephalopods.The Snares penguin is often compared to the Fiordland penguin (Eudyptes pachyrhynchus), which is related by the genus of crested penguins (Eudyptes). Snares penguins can be distinguished from Fiordland penguins by a patch of skin at the base of their beaks喙.The Snares penguin is similarly coloured to other species of penguins, having a black head, back and flippers with a white belly. A bright-yellow crest, beginning at the base of the bill, runs along the upper part of the head on both sides and ends at the back of the head. It has a thick reddish-brown beak, traced with light pink skin at the base.The eyes are generally described as a bright red-brown colour, but this coloration can vary somewhat between individuals and in different lighting.The colour patterns under the wings differ from individual to individual, so it is not a good characteristic for species identification.The pairs then build a nest, most of the work being done by the male. The female lays two eggs, typically about three to five days apart, which hatch 31–37 days later.
10-皇家企鹅 Eudyptes schlegeli【NT】Royal penguin，是生活在次南极地带麦夸里岛及其邻近地区sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island and adjacent islands的企鹅，分类为近危物种Near threatened.。身高可达约76公分，像马可罗尼企鹅，惟其脸较白且喙较小。它们以极大规模的族群聚集。.Royals look very much like macaroni penguins, but have a white face and chin instead of the macaronis' black visage. They are 65–76 cm (26–30 in) long and weigh 3–8 kg (6.6–17.6 lb)通常在每年春末繁殖，每次产二个蛋，只有第二个蛋会被孵抱，孵化期约6周，幼企鹅在次年1、2月左右即成熟独立。The egg is kept warm by both parents for 35 days. This is done by rotating 12-day shifts. After hatching, the male watches out for the chick for 10 to 20 days and the female brings food for both of them. Around 20 days, the chicks will form a home for warmth and safety. The parents continue to feed it two to three times a day. When the chick is about 65 days old it will have its adult feathers and goes on its own.Royal penguins feed on krill, fish, and small amounts of squid. They build their nest by making a shallow hole in the sand or in a weeded area. They put plants and stones inside the nest.
11-冠毛企鹅 Eudyptes sclateri-【EN】Erect-crested penguin,竖毛企鹅,known only from New Zealand, where it breeds on the Bounty and Antipodes Islands, although previously also known from Campbell Island. It has black upper parts, white underparts and a yellow eye stripe and crest. It spends the winter at sea and little is known about its biology and breeding habits. This is a small-to-medium-sized, yellow-crested, black-and-white penguin, at 50–70 cm (20–28 in) and weighing 2.5–6 kg (5.5–13.2 lb).It breeds on the Bounty and Antipodes Islands and spends the winter at sea. Individuals have been found as far away as the Falkland Islands and it is also a vagrant to Argentina, Antarctica and Australia.
，长冠企鹅、通心面企鹅，企鹅家族中冠企鹅属的一种，与皇家企鹅亲缘最近，马可罗尼企鹅是世界上数量最多的企鹅，当前共有2400万只。成年马可罗尼企鹅身高约71厘米，重约5-6千克。主要分布于南极半岛及亚南极区（紧邻南极圈以北的地区），目前至少集中于50处栖息地存有至少216群，包括福克兰群岛、南乔治亚群岛和南三明治群岛，南奥克尼群岛（South Orkney Islands）和南设得兰群岛、布韦岛、爱德华王子群岛、南极半岛等。一般选在陡峭的山地地面上做窝，经常要从海边穿过碎石行进数百米才能到达自己的巢穴，所选之地通常没有鸟类或鸟类很少。Macaroni penguins moult once a year, a process in which they replace all of their old feathers. They spend around two weeks accumulating fat before moulting because they do not feed during the moult, as they cannot enter the water to forage for food without feathers.The most striking feature is the yellow crest that arises from a patch on the centre of the forehead, and extends horizontally backwards to the nape. The flippers are blue-black on the upper surface with a white trailing edge, and mainly white underneath with a black tip and leading edge. The large, bulbous bill is orange-brown. The iris is red and a patch of pinkish bare skin is found from the base of the bill to the eye. The legs and feet are pink.
13-黄眼企鹅 Megadyptes antipodes-【EN】Yellow-eyed penguin，分布在新西兰的南岛、斯图尔特岛、奥克兰群岛及坎贝尔岛。位于奥塔哥半岛的群落是著名的旅游热点，很多游客会在此近距离观赏黄眼企鹅。较为大的企鹅，平均长70厘米及重约6.23公斤。它们的头部呈淡黄色，瞳孔呈更淡的黄色，身体呈黑色。它们的颚及喉咙呈黑褐色。眼睛之间有一黄带在头后部连接。雏鸟的头部较灰，并没有黄带，而瞳孔亦是呈灰色的。可以很长寿，有些可达20岁。一般在森林、斜坡或岸边筑巢，巢穴的地方往往都是在海湾的地方。[3]巢穴都是分布在新西兰，在南岛的东南岸、弗佛海峡、斯图尔特岛、奥克兰群岛及坎贝尔岛。估计只有约4000只。它们是世界上最稀有的企鹅之一。It has a pale yellow head and paler yellow iris with black feather shafts. The chin and throat are brownish-black. There is a band of bright yellow running from its eyes around the back of the head. The juvenile has a greyer head with no band and their eyes have a grey iris.It is found in New Zealand, on the south-east coast of the South Island most notably on Otago Peninsula, Foveaux Strait, Stewart Island, and sub-Antarctic islands of Auckland and Campbell Islands. It expanded its range from the sub-Antarctic islands to the main islands of New Zealand after the extinction of the Waitaha penguin several hundred years ago.
14-怀塔哈企鹅 Megadyptes waitaha-【EW】Waitaha penguin,世上已无此种企鹅！啊啊啊啊啊啊啊啊啊啊啊啊啊啊！研究团体估算怀塔哈企鹅应在公元1300年－1500年间面临绝种，大约是稍迟于毛利人到达新西兰的时间——人类啊！！！Boessenkool says they were probably eaten by the settlers.想想澳大利亚自人类踏上之后就消失的那些大型物种。
小蓝企鹅属 Eudyptula
15-小蓝企鹅（神仙企鹅） Eudyptula minor-【LC】Little penguin，小企鹅、蓝企鹅、神仙企鹅、仙企鹅fairy penguins、小鳍脚企鹅，是企鹅家族中体型最小的物种，有别于其他常见企鹅，它们有一身蓝色的羽毛，因此被称作小蓝企鹅。小蓝企鹅成年普遍身高43公分，体重约为1千克。它们平均寿命为6.5岁，但根据鸟类环志的记录，目前为止人类所知小蓝企鹅的寿命最多可长达20岁。The head and upper parts are blue in colour, with slate-grey ear coverts fading to white underneath, from the chin to the belly. Their flippers are blue in colour. The dark grey-black beak is 3–4 cm long, the irises pale silvery- or bluish-grey or hazel, and the feet pink above with black soles and webbing. An immature individual will have a shorter bill and lighter upperparts.其头部和背部呈靛蓝色，其耳部呈青灰色，到腹部则为白色。其鳍外部为靛蓝色，内部的那一面则呈白色。其深灰黑色的喙长约3至4公分，脚部朝天的一方为白色，脚底和蹼则呈黑色。未成年的小蓝企鹅的嘴喙较为短小，靛蓝色部分的羽毛也比较浅色。The little penguin breeds along the entire coastline of New Zealand, the Chatham Islands, and southern Australia (including roughly 20,000 pairs on Babel Island). Australian colonies exist in New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, and Western Australia. Little penguins have also been reported from Chile.During the breeding and chick rearing seasons, little penguins will leave their nest at sunrise, forage for food throughout the day and return to their nests just after dusk. Thus, sunlight, moonlight and artificial lights can affect the behaviour of attendance to the colony.
16-白鳍企鹅 Eudyptula albosignata-【NT】White-flippered penguin，有时被视为小蓝企鹅的亚种之一，有时被视作另一独立的物种，有些人甚至会用生物的多态性（Polymorphism）来解释白鳍企鹅的存在，毕竟澳大利亚和南岛西部的小蓝企鹅看起来也像是两个截然不同的物种。a small penguin about 30 cm (12 in) tall and weighing 1.5 kg (3.3 lb). It gains its name from the white markings on its flippers,unique to the subspecies. It nests only on Banks Peninsula and Motunau Island, near Christchurch, New Zealand, with only around 3,750 breeding pairs.White-flippered penguins live in headlands, caves, rock jumbles, and in the sheltered areas at the bases of bays. They are found mostly in Canterbury, New Zealand.primarily nocturnal animals on land and are unique among penguins in this respect.stay with the colony during the day, and then leave under the cover of darkness and return before dawn.夜里出去捕食的企鹅！
环企鹅属 Spheniscus-Banded penguin,Common traits include a band of black that runs around their bodies bordering their black dorsal coloring, black beaks with a small vertical white band, distinct spots on their bellies, and a small patch of unfeathered or thinly feathered skin around their eyes that can be either white or pink. All members of this genus lay eggs and raise their young in nests situated in burrows or natural depressions in the earth.
17-黑脚企鹅Spheniscus demersus【EN】African penguin， jackass penguin and black-footed penguin，非洲企鹅、斑嘴环企鹅， 生活在非洲西南岸的企鹅，在纳米比亚至南非近伊丽莎白港的阿尔哥亚湾的24个岛上都有群族，最大的位于戴尔岛。近亲是在南美洲南部的汉波德企鹅及麦哲伦企鹅及近赤道太平洋的加拉帕戈斯企鹅。黑脚企鹅高68-70厘米，重2-5公斤。它们的胸部有黑汶及黑点，每一只黑脚企鹅都有个别的斑点，仿佛人类的指纹。它们眼睛上有粉红色的腺体，若体温上升，体内会有较多血液流经这个腺体，从而降温。唯一于非洲繁殖的企鹅。成群的生活，平均寿命10岁，最高纪录可以达至24岁。
18-麦哲伦企鹅 Spheniscus magellanicus【NT】Magellanic penguin，麦氏环企鹅，是温带企鹅中最大的一个种类，主要分布在南美洲阿根廷、智利和福克兰群岛沿海，也有少量迁入巴西境内。它是环企鹅属中数量最多的一种，与同属中与非洲企鹅、洪氏环企鹅和加拉巴哥斯企鹅亲缘很近。麦氏环企鹅的名字来自著名的航海家麦哲伦，麦哲伦1519年第一次环南美洲大陆航行时发现了这种企鹅。麦哲伦企鹅它们可直接饮用海水，并通过体腺将海水的盐分排除体外。在捕食上它们没有特殊的偏好，捕食鱼、虾和甲壳类动物。在饲养小企鹅期间，除了猎物严重匮乏的福克兰群岛附近，成年企鹅的捕食会非常规律的每天进行一次，在白天进行，一般潜水不超过50米，少数情况下，也偶尔达到100米的深度。在冬季，它们会扩大捕食范围，向北可达到巴西海域。Magellanic penguins are medium-sized penguins which grow to be 61–76 cm (24–30 in) tall and weigh between 2.7 and 6.5 kg (6.0 and 14.3 lb).The males are larger than the females, and the weight of both drops while the parents nurture their young.Adults have black backs and white abdomens.There are two black bands between the head and the breast, with the lower band shaped in an inverted horseshoe. The head is black with a broad white border that runs from behind the eye, around the black ear-coverts and chin, and joins at the throat. Chicks and younger penguins have grey-blue backs, with a more faded grey-blue color on their chest. Magellanic penguins can live up to 25 years in the wild, but as much as 30 years in captivity.Young birds usually have a blotched pattern on their feet, which fades as they grow up into adulthood. By the time these birds reach about ten years of age, their feet usually become all black.
19-汉波德企鹅 Spheniscus humboldti【VU】Humboldt penguin, Chilean penguin, Peruvian penguin, or patranca,洪氏环企鹅，汉波德企鹅曾在北半球被发现，在日本动物园中的洪堡企鹅因为适应了环境反而大量繁殖，恐怕是最调皮的企鹅了。 a South American penguin that breeds in coastal Chile and Peru. Its nearest relatives are the African penguin, the Magellanic penguin and the Galápagos penguin.medium-sized penguins, growing to 56–70 cm (22–28 in) long and a weight of 3.6-5.9 kg (8-13 lbs). They have a black head with a white border that runs from behind the eye, around the black ear-coverts and chin, and joins at the throat. They have blackish-grey upperparts and whitish underparts, with a black breast-band that extends down the flanks to the thigh. They have a fleshy-pink base to the bill. Juveniles have dark heads and no breast-band. They have spines on their tongue which they use to hold their prey. nest on islands and rocky coasts, burrowing holes in guano and sometimes using scrapes or caves. In South America the Humboldt penguin is found only along the Pacific coast,and the range of the Humboldt penguin overlaps that of the Magellanic penguin on the central Chilean coast. It is vagrant in Ecuador and Colombia.
20-加拉帕戈斯企鹅 Spheniscus mendiculus【EN】Galapagos penguin，加拉巴戈企鹅、加岛环企鹅，于南美洲科隆群岛的企鹅，是唯一野生于赤道北部的企鹅。由于受到秘鲁寒流和克伦威尔洋流的共同影响，科隆群岛的环境气温远低于赤道其他地区，这才使得企鹅可以在此生存。黑脚企鹅、麦哲伦企鹅和汉波德企鹅皆其近亲。加拉帕戈斯企鹅主要分布在科隆群岛主岛伊莎贝拉岛（Isla Isabela）西岸外的费尔南迪纳岛（Isla Fernandina）上，但群岛中的其它岛屿也有一些小型的加拉帕戈斯企鹅族群分布。是体型第三的企鹅。It is the only penguin that lives north of the equator in the wild. It can survive due to the cool temperatures resulting from the Humboldt Current and cool waters from great depths brought up by the Cromwell Current. The Galápagos penguin is one of the banded penguins, the other species of which live mostly on the coasts of Africa and mainland South America.The average Galápagos penguin is 49 centimetres (19 in) long and 2.5 kilograms (5.5 lb) in weight. It is the second smallest species of penguin after the little penguin（小二还是小三撒？）. Galápagos penguins have a black head with a white border running from behind the eye, around the black ear-coverts and chin, to join on the throat. They have black-grey upperparts and whitish underparts, with two black bands across the breast, the lower band extending down the flanks to the thigh. Juveniles differ in having a wholly dark head, greyer on side and chin, and no breast-band. The female penguins are smaller than the males.They depend on the cold nutrient-rich currents to bring them food.The temperature on the Galapagos Islands stays between 15–28 °C (59–82 °F). During El Niño seasons, the penguins put off breeding, because their food becomes less abundant; this makes the chances of raising offspring successfully unfavorable compared to the chances of dying in the attempt.活得最不容易的企鹅，没吃的还会被热死，温度还不适宜生娃。 They use two methods of thermoregulation in warmer weather on land. One is by stretching out their flippers and hunching延展 forward to keep the sun from shining on their feet, since they can lose heat from their flippers due to the blood flow there. They also pant喘气, using evaporation to cool the throat and airways. Galápagos penguins protect their eggs and chicks from the hot sun by keeping them in deep crevices in the rocks.
