I Timeline
1644 托里拆利，真空，气压计
1657 盖里克，真空泵， 马德堡半球实验及硫磺球摩擦起电机
1675 罗伯特·波意耳和胡克，真空泵，电的吸引及排斥可通过真空发生
1676 让·皮卡特 托里拆利真空的水银辉光放电现象
1705 豪克斯比 水银放电实验，豪克斯比起电器及各种改进
II Evangelista Torricelli (1608-1647)
Evangelista Torricelli was an Italian physicist and mathematician, and a student of Galileo. He is best known for his invention of the barometer, but is also known for his advances in optics and work on the method of indivisibles.
埃万杰利斯塔·托里拆利，意大利物理学家、数学家。1608年10月15日生于法恩扎，1647年10月25日卒于佛罗伦萨。托里拆利是伽利略的学生和晚年的助手（1641～1642），1642年继承伽利略任佛罗伦萨学院数学教授。
Lived: Oct 15, 1608 - Oct 25, 1647 (age 39)
Family:Father: Gaspare Torricelli，Mother: Caterina Angetti，Children: Alexander Torricelli
Education: Sapienza University of Rome
Career：Galileo’s amanuensis，chair of mathematics at the University of Pisa
Inventions: Barometer
Field of study: Physics
Buried: San Lorenzo, Florence
Timeline
1608，Evangelista Torricelli was born on 15 October 1608 in Rome, the firstborn child of Gaspare Torricelli and Caterina Angetti.
1633，(The Vatican condemned Galileo in June 1633, and this was the only known occasion on which Torricelli openly declared himself to hold the Copernican view.)
1641，Its communication by Castelli to Galileo in 1641, with a proposal that Torricelli should reside with him, led to Torricelli traveling to Florence, where he met Galileo, and acted as his amanuensis during the three remaining months of his life.
1642，After Galileo's death on 8 January 1642, Grand Duke Ferdinando II de' Medici asked Torricelli to succeed Galileo as the grand-ducal mathematician and chair of mathematics at the University of Pisa.
1643，In 1643, Torricelli filled a meter-long tube (with one end sealed off) with mercury—thirteen times denser than water—and setting it vertically into a basin of the liquid metal.
1647，Torricelli died of fever, most likely typhoid, in Florence on 25 October 1647, 10 days after his 39th birthday, and was buried at the Basilica of San Lorenzo.
Evangelista Torricelli was a famous Italian mathematician and physicist who invented the barometer and laid the foundation of integral calculus. Born to parents of moderate means, Evangelista was sent to his uncle, a Camaldolese monk. Initially he studied at a school for the Jews in Faenza. Recognizing his talent in mathematics, Torricelli was sent to Rome by his uncle, to attend the school of Benedetto Castelli, who was also a monk like his uncle. It was Castelli who introduced Torricelli to Galileo, and Evangelista served as a secretary and assistant to the great scientist for the last few months before Galileo’s death. After Galileo’s death, his position as the court mathematician and philosopher was offered to Evangelista by the Duke of Tuscany, and Torricelli remained in that position until his death. During his stay in Rome, he also befriended the amazing mathematician Bonaventura Cavalieri. Torricelli was the first person to create a vacuum for a prolonged time and discovered the basic principle of barometer. Apart from his theoretical work, Evangelista had great skills as an instrument-maker, and made a lot of money from his skills of lens grinding. Read on to know more about the scientific contributions of this renowned scientist
Childhood & Early Life
Torricelli was born on 15th October, 1608 in Faenza Italy and he was the eldest of the three children of Gaspare Torricelli and Caterina Angetti. His father was employed in the textile industry with moderate means.
Although he recognized his eldest son’s talents early, he realized that he did not have the resources. Torricelli was sent to his uncle Brother Jacopo who helped him with his education until he entered the Jesuit School.
In 1624, Torricelli was admitted in a college for the Jews and he studied both philosophy and mathematics. While some sources state that he was admitted to Jesuit College in Faenza, others believe that he got through 'Collegio Romano’ in Rome. It is also possible that after his father’s death, when Torricelli’s mother shifted to Rome, Torricelli entered Collegio Romano after finishing his studies in Faenza.
Gauging his talent, Torricelli’s uncle sent him to his fellow monk Benedetto Castelli who was a professor at the 'University of Sapienza’ in Rome. Catelli taught him a lot of subjects including mechanics, hydraulics, astronomy and mathematics.
Castelli was a student of Galileo, and a chance correspondence with Galileo, where Torricelli introduced himself as a mathematician, led to his liaison with the great scientist.
Career
In 1632, the first correspondence between Galileo and Torricelli took place where Torricelli wrote on behalf of his professor Castelli. He also further explained in his letter about his interest in mathematics, his exposure to classical texts and his belief in the Copernican theory.
In 1633, in the year of Galileo’s trial, Torricelli was appointed as the secretary of Giovanni Ciampoli. Giovanni was a friend of Galileo, and Torricelli was his secretary for nine years.
By 1641, Torricelli has completed most of his work, which would later be published in three parts of 'Opera Geometrica’.
During this period, Torricelli also worked and enhanced on Galileo’s theory of parabolic motion of the projectiles and showed it to Castelli. An impressed Castelli wrote to Galileo about Torricelli’s manuscript.
In 1641, Castelli while travelling to Venice, handed a copy of Torricelli’s work to Galileo, and asked him to appoint him as Galileo’s assistant.
On 10th of October in 1641, the aspiring mathematician arrived at Galileo’s house and stayed with the maestro and Viviani, another assistant of Galileo.
Their liaison was short-lived as Galileo died in 1642. When he returned to Rome after Galileo’s demise, Torricelli was appointed in Galileo’s position by the Grand Duke Ferdinando II of Tuscany; however he did not receive the same title of Court Philosopher like his predecessor.
In his years in Florence, Torricelli carried out a lot of scientific activities and befriended painter Salvatore Rosa, Carlo Dati and the hydraulic engineer Andrea Arighetti. Their friendship led to the inception of 'Accademia dei Percossi’, where it is believed that the former narrated his comedies.
Torricelli invented the mercury barometer; he came across the idea of designing the device while solving the problem of raising the water level with suction pump. By employing mercury, he found an effective way of creating a sustainable vacuum.
He also discovered 'Torricelli’s law of fluid dynamics’ and 'Torricelli’s trumpet’. In the field of mathematics, he tried to bridge the gap between Calculus and Greek geometry.
Major Work
Torricelli was inspired by Galileo’s theory and he wrote a treatise known as 'De Motu’ or Concerning Movement on mechanics. This treatise was basically an amplification of Galileo’s theory on the motion of projectiles in 'Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienze’.
In 1644, Torricelli published his works in geometry in 'Opera Geometrica’ in three parts. This was the only book to be published during his lifetime due to the benevolence of the Grand Duke. The writings had clear exposition making geometry easy to understand as compared to Cavalieri’s convoluted theories.
关于真空，伽利略曾说，“如果人们凭感觉和理解都还不能认识到真空的存在，那么凭感觉和理解又如何能否认真空的存在呢？”伽利略曾发现，抽水机在工作时，不能把水抽到10米以上的高度，他把这一现象归结为水柱受不了它本身重量之故，再找不到合理满意的解释。
大约在1641年，一位著名的数学家、天文学家贝尔提曾用一根10米多长的铅管做成了一个真空实验。
托里拆利受到了这个实验的启发，想到用较大密度的海水、蜂蜜、水银等 做实验。他选用的水银实验，取得了最成功的结果。托里拆利在实验中还发现不管玻璃管长度如何，也不管玻璃管倾斜程度如何，管内水银柱的垂直高度总是76厘米，于是他提出了可以利用水银柱高度来测量大气压，并于1644年同维维安尼合作，制成了世界上第一具水银气压计。后来，真空测量的单位托就是用他的名字来命名的。
1644，Torricelli, Evangelista（1608-1647）
Italian physicist and mathematician Evangelista Torricelli, inventor of the mercury barometer.
Photos.com/Thinkstock
Personal Life & Legacy
This eminent scientist breathed his last on October 25, 1647, and was interred at the church of 'Basilica of San Lorenzo’ in Florence.
Awards & Achievements
After Galileo’s death, Torricelli was appointed as the mathematician and philosopher, a position vacated by Galileo by the Grand Duke Ferdinando II of Tuscany.
Trivia
Torricelli wrote a number of comedies which he disclosed before his esteemed friends in 'Accademiadei Percossi’. These comedies never survived, but they were definitely written by him, as found in his memoirs which he dictated to Lodovico Serenei from his deathbed.
III Otto von Guericke （1602-1686）
Lived: Nov 20, 1602 - May 21, 1686 (age 83)
Spouse: Dorothea Lentke (m. 1652 - 1686) · Margarethe Alemann (m. 1626 - 1645)
Children: Jacob Christoph von Guericke (Son) · Anna Katharina von Guericke (Daughter) · Otto von Guericke Jr. (Son)
Education: Leipzig University · Leiden University
Written works: The new (so-called) Magdeburg experiments of Otto von Guericke (1994)
Field of study: Physics
Otto von Guericke （1602-1686）
Timeline
1642，Otto von Guericke's first diplomatic mission on behalf of the city lead him in September 1642 to the court of the Elector of Saxony at Dresden.
1648，In 1648 he represented the city at the peace treaty delegation, that ended the Thirty Year's War.
1652，Anna Catherine and Jacob Christopher both died in infancy and in 1652 von Guericke married Dorotha Lentke.
1654，In the Experimenta Nova, Book III, Ch. 34, he relates how he first became aware of Torricelli's mercury tube experiment from Valerianus Magnus at Regensburg in 1654.
1666，He had employed von Guericke's son, Hans Otto, as his resident in Hamburg and in 1666 had called Otto himself to the Brandenburg Rat.
1681，In January 1681, as a precaution against an outbreak of the plague then threatening Magdeburg, he and his second wife Dorothea moved to his son Hans Otto to Hamburg.
真空的表演
Otto von Guericke invented “Vacuum Pump”, “Dasymeter” and “Pressure Measurement”
Otto von Guericke was a German physicist, scientist, inventor and politician of the 17th century, who was a pioneer in the science of vacuums. He was born on November 20, 1602 to an aristocratic family from Magdeburg, Germany. He studied at the University of Leipzig, and later got a degree in law in 1621 at the University of Jena and another degree in mathematics and mechanics in 1623 at the University of Leiden.
奥托·冯·格里克（德语：Otto von Guericke，1602年11月20日~1686年5月11日）德国物理学家、官员。
格里克出生于马德堡贵族家庭，就读于莱比锡大学，耶拿大学和莱顿大学。他曾在军队中以工程师身份服役，曾于1646年~1676年间任马德堡市市长。这时他一方面从政，一方面从事自然科学的研究。他于1650年发明了活塞式真空泵（即往复式真空泵）。1654年5月8日，进行了马德堡半球实验，展示了大气压强的巨大。
After travelling through France and England, Guericke came back to Magdeburg in 1626. He then got married to Margarethe Alemann, who was the daughter of a local politician. Guericke himself became actively involved in local politics and was elected in 1627 to the city council. In 1631, the imperial army invaded Magdeburg and Otto von Guericke had to escape from the city along with his family. However, he returned after the city was liberated and got reelected to the city council. Guericke was now a military engineer and he was later to become the mayor of Magdeburg and serve in that capacity for the next 35 years.
Although he was largely occupied by his political career, Guericke was just as devoted to scientific study as well. At that time, there had only been ongoing debate about the possibility of the presence of a vacuum but it had never been scientifically proven. There were three broad opinions prevalent at that time. First was the view put forth by Aristotle, that a vacuum simply cannot exist; second was the view of St. Augustine which suggested that there was an “intimate relation between space time and matter” and the third view was the school of Leibniz and Kant which suggested that space is not real, but only exists in the human imagination.
Guericke set about to prove the existence of vacuum through scientific study and experimentation. He conducted experiments for many years before he was finally successful. At first he filled a wooden barrel with water and sealed it. Then, using a pump, he gradually pumped out all the water thinking that it would create a vacuum. However, air seeped in through the pores in the wood and this experiment was unsuccessful.
After many years of further research, in 1650 he invented an air pump which he fitted precisely into a metal sphere. He used the pump to suck the air out of the sphere. After several attempts and modification of equipment, Guericke was able to succeed in creating a vacuum. He demonstrated his discovery to a large crowd before Emperor Ferdinand III in 1654. His experiment conducted of joining two copper hemispheres together and creating a vacuum inside them using his pump. Then he brought a team of 8 horses to try to pull the copper hemispheres apart, which the horses were unable to do. However, as soon as air was released into them, they fell apart of their own accord.The same experiment was performed at the court of Friedrich Wilhelm I of Brandenburg, only with three times as many horses as before. His theory was later further developed by other scientists such as Newton in later years.
Guericke's Experimenta Nova (ut vocantur) Magdeburgica de Vacuo Spatio
("New Magdeburg Experiments About the Vacuum"), 1672.
Guericke, Otto von; air pressure
Otto von Guericke's demonstration of the strength of a vacuum, Regensburg, 1654. The man on the right is using an air pump to create the vacuum. Illustration from Guericke's Experimenta Nova (ut vocantur) Magdeburgica de Vacuo Spatio ("New Magdeburg Experiments About the Vacuum"), 1672.
Guericke, Otto von; air pressure experiment
Otto von Guericke's demonstration of the power of air pressure, Regensburg, 1654. A platform was suspended from the bottom of an evacuated sphere made up of two copper hemispheres, and increasing numbers of weights were placed on it. From von Guericke's Experimenta Nova (ut vocantur) Magdeburgica de Vacuo Spatio ("New Magdeburg Experiments About the Vacuum"), 1672.
Otto von Guericke （1602-1686）马德堡半球实验 Engraving by Caspar Schott
Guericke also created the first frictional electrical generator in 1663 and studied the static charge of objects which later led to further developments in the field of electricity. He also studied astronomy and the movements of planets and comets, constructed the first electrostatic generator and a crude barometer for weather forecasting in 1661. Guericke died in 1686 in Hamburg, Germany. Amongst his legacy is “The Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg” which is named after him.
大约在1663年，马德堡的盖利克发明了第一台摩擦起电机。具体的做法：做一个球形的玻璃瓶。里面放上硫磺碎块。加热把硫磺碎片融化。然后弄一个木质的绝缘柄插入液态硫磺中，熄火冷却。等硫磺从新变成固体，敲碎玻璃瓶，用干燥的手掌摩擦转动球体，使之获得电。盖利克的摩擦起电机经过不断改进，在静电实验研究中起着重要的作用，直到19世纪霍耳茨和推普勒分别发明感应起电机后才被取代。
Otto von Guericke （1602-1686） 硫磺球摩擦起电机
Guericke's experiments with the sulfur globe，published 1672
IV Robert Boyle （1627-1691）
Lived: Jan 25, 1627 - Dec 31, 1691 (age 64)
Parents: Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork (Father) · Catherine Fenton (Mother)
Siblings: Lady Ranelagh (Sister) · Katherine Jones, Viscountess Ranelagh (Sister)
Education: Eton College · University College, Oxford
Founded: The Royal Society · Invisible College
Timeline
1644，Robert returned to England from continental Europe in mid-1644 with a keen interest in scientific research.
1660，An account of Boyle's work with the air pump was published in 1660 under the title New Experiments Physico-Mechanical, Touching the Spring of the Air, and its Effects.
1662，Boyle in 1662 included a reference to a paper written by Power, but mistakenly attributed it to Richard Towneley.
1668，In 1668 he left Oxford for London where he resided at the house of his elder sister Katherine Jones, Lady Ranelagh, in Pall Mall.
1680，In 1680–85 Boyle personally financed the printing of the Bible, both Old and New Testaments, in Irish.
1680，In 1680 he was elected president of the society, but declined the honour from a scruple about oaths.
Robert Boyle, (born January 25, 1627, Lismore Castle, County Waterford, Ireland—died December 31, 1691, London, England), Anglo-Irish natural philosopher and theological writer, a preeminent figure of 17th-century intellectual culture. He was best known as a natural philosopher, particularly in the field of chemistry, but his scientific work covered many areas including hydrostatics, physics, medicine, earth sciences, natural history, and alchemy. His prolific output also included Christian devotional and ethical essays and theological tracts on biblical language, the limits of reason, and the role of the natural philosopher as a Christian. He sponsored many religious missions as well as the translation of the Scriptures into several languages. In 1660 he helped found the Royal Society of London.
Early Life And Education
Boyle was born into one of the wealthiest families in Britain. He was the 14th child and 7th son of Richard Boyle, the 1st earl of Cork, by his second wife, Catherine, daughter of Sir Geoffrey Fenton, secretary of state for Ireland. At age eight, Boyle began his formal education at Eton College, where his studious nature quickly became apparent. In 1639，he and his brother Francis embarked on a grand tour of the continent together with their tutor Isaac Marcombes.
In 1642, owing to the Irish rebellion, Francis returned home while Robert remained with his tutor in Geneva and pursued further studies.
In 1644，Boyle returned to England, where he took up residence at his hereditary estate of Stalbridge in Dorset. There he began a literary career writing ethical and devotional tracts, some of which employed stylistic and rhetorical models drawn from French popular literature, especially romance writings.
In 1649 he began investigating nature via scientific experimentation, a process that enthralled him. From 1647 until the mid-1650s, Boyle remained in close contact with a group of natural philosophers and social reformers gathered around the intelligencer Samuel Hartlib. This group, the Hartlib Circle, included several chemists—most notably George Starkey, a young immigrant from America—who heightened Boyle’s interest in experimental chemistry.
Scientific Career
伟大的相遇
Boyle spent much of 1652–54 in Ireland overseeing his hereditary lands, and he also performed some anatomic dissections. In 1654 he was invited to Oxford, and he took up residence at the university from c. 1656 until 1668. In Oxford he was exposed to the latest developments in natural philosophy and became associated with a group of notable natural philosophers and physicians, including John Wilkins, Christopher Wren, and John Locke. These individuals, together with a few others, formed the “Experimental Philosophy Club,” which at times convened in Boyle’s lodgings. Much of Boyle’s best-known work dates from this period.
关于真空的研究
In 1659 he and Robert Hooke, the clever inventor and subsequent curator of experiments for the Royal Society, completed the construction of their famous air pump and used it to study pneumatics. Their resultant discoveries regarding air pressure and the vacuum appeared in Boyle’s first scientific publication, New Experiments Physico-Mechanicall, Touching the Spring of the Air and Its Effects (1660). Boyle and Hooke discovered several physical characteristics of air, including its role in combustion, respiration, and the transmission of sound.
干毛发摩擦起电，电的吸引及排斥可通过真空发生
关于气体的研究
One of their findings, published in 1662, later became known as “Boyle’s law.” This law expresses the inverse relationship that exists between the pressure and volume of a gas, and it was determined by measuring the volume occupied by a constant quantity of air when compressed by differing weights of mercury. Other natural philosophers, including Henry Power and Richard Towneley, concurrently reported similar findings about air.
Boyle's law，Demonstration of Boyle's law showing that
for a given mass, at constant temperature, the pressure times the volume is a constant.
（需要一个气压计来衡量压力，盖里克的发明？）
怀疑的化学家
Boyle’s scientific work is characterized by its reliance on experiment and observation and its reluctance to formulate generalized theories. He advocated a “mechanical philosophy” that saw the universe as a huge machine or clock in which all natural phenomena were accountable purely by mechanical, clockwork motion. His contributions to chemistry were based on a mechanical “corpuscularian hypothesis”—a brand of atomism which claimed that everything was composed of minute (but not indivisible) particles of a single universal matter and that these particles were only differentiable by their shape and motion. Among his most influential writings were The Sceptical Chymist (1661), which assailed the then-current Aristotelian and especially Paracelsian notions about the composition of matter and methods of chemical analysis, and the Origine of Formes and Qualities (1666), which used chemical phenomena to support the corpuscularian hypothesis. Boyle also maintained a lifelong pursuit of transmutational alchemy, endeavouring to discover the secret of transmuting base metals into gold and to contact individuals believed to possess alchemical secrets. Overall, Boyle argued so strongly for the need of applying the principles and methods of chemistry to the study of the natural world and to medicine that he later gained the appellation of the “father of chemistry.”
Theological Activities 神学活动
Boyle was a devout and pious Anglican who keenly championed his faith. He sponsored educational and missionary activities and wrote a number of theological treatises. Whereas the religious writings of Boyle’s youth were primarily devotional, his mature works focused on the more complex philosophical issues of reason, nature, and revelation and particularly on the relationship between the emergent new science and religion. Boyle was deeply concerned about the widespread perception that irreligion and atheism were on the rise, and he strove to demonstrate ways in which science and religion were mutually supportive. For Boyle, studying nature as a product of God’s handiwork was an inherently religious duty. He argued that this method of study would, in return, illuminate God’s omnipresence and goodness, thereby enhancing a scientist’s understanding of the divine. The Christian Virtuoso (1690) summarized these views and may be seen as a manifesto of Boyle’s own life as the model of a Christian scientist.
Mature Years In London
In 1668 Boyle left Oxford and took up residence with his sister Katherine Jones, Vicountess Ranelagh, in her house on Pall Mall in London. There he set up an active laboratory, employed assistants, received visitors, and published at least one book nearly every year. Living in London also provided him the opportunity to participate actively in the Royal Society.
Boyle was a genial man who achieved both national and international renown during his lifetime. He was offered the presidency of the Royal Society (in 1680) and the episcopacy but declined both. Throughout his adult life, Boyle was sickly, suffering from weak eyes and hands, recurring illnesses, and one or more strokes. He died at age 64 after a short illness exacerbated by his grief over Katherine’s death a week earlier. He left his papers to the Royal Society and a bequest for establishing a series of lectures in defense of Christianity. These lectures, now known as the Boyle Lectures, continue to this day.
V Jean Picard （1620-1682）
Born: Jul 21, 1620 · La Flèche, France
Died: Jul 12, 1682 · Paris, France
Education: Prytanée national militaire
Jean Picard (1620-1682) is a photograph by Granger
Jean Picard, (born July 21, 1620, La Flèche, Fr.—died July 12, 1682, Paris), French astronomer who first accurately measured the length of a degree of a meridian (longitude line) and from that computed the size of the Earth.
Timeline
Picard became professor of astronomy at the Collège de France, Paris, in 1655.
1669，Picard was the first person to measure the size of the Earth to a reasonable degree of accuracy in a survey conducted in 1669–70, for which he is honored with a pyramid at Juvisy-sur-Orge.
1670，In 1670–71, Picard travelled to the site of Tycho Brahe's Danish observatory, Uraniborg, in order to assess its longitude accurately so that Tycho's readings could be compared to others.
In 1671 Picard went to the observatory of the noted 16th-century Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe at Hven Island, Sweden, to determine its exact location so that Brahe’s observations could be more precisely compared with those made elsewhere. He brought back copies of the originals of Brahe’s principal work.His book "Mesure de la Terre" was published in 1671.His measurement of the Earth was used by Sir Isaac Newton to verify his theory of gravitation.
Picard is also credited with the introduction of telescopic sights and the use of pendulum clocks as contributions to greater precision in astronomical observations.
In 1675 he made the first recorded observation of barometric light, the light that appears in the vacuum above the mercury in a barometer when the barometer is moved about.
法国天文学家皮卡德(Jean Picard)发现托里拆利气压计摇晃水银时，玻璃管里会发出“磷光”。这是一个新现象，没有人知道原因
In 1679 he founded and became editor of La Connaissance des temps ou des mouvements célestes (“Knowledge of Time or the Celestial Motions”), the first national astronomical ephemeris, or collection of tables giving the positions of celestial bodies at regular intervals.
1682，Jean Picard died on July 12, 1682 in Paris, France.
VII Francis Hauksbee （1660-1713）
Born: 1660 · Colchester, United Kingdom
Parents: draper · Richard Hauksbee
Career: Curator and instrument maker of the Royal Society by Issac Newton
Written works: Physico-mechanical experiments on various subjects (1719)
Died: 1713 · London, England
Timeline
Little is known of Francis Hauksbee's life, even the dates of his birth and death are not well documented in most scientific biographies. The christening of Francis Hawksby took place on 27 May 1660 at the church of St Mary at the Walls, Colchester, Essex, England. He was buried 29 April 1713 .
1660，He was baptized on 27 May 1660 in the parish of St Mary-at-the-Walls, Colchester.
1673，In 1673 Hauksbee entered Colchester Royal Grammar School.
牛顿的设备制造助手，起电器
Hauksbee was appointed to the post of Curator and instrument maker of the Royal Society by Issac Newton, when Newton was president of the Society .
1703，On 15 December 1703, he made his first experimental demonstration to the Society (a new air-pump and the phenomenon of 'mercurial phosphorus,’ a kind of electrostatic discharge).
1705，He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on 30 November 1705, with lowest social class status among the previously-elected Fellows.
In 1706 he produced an 'influence machine' to generate this effect.
Hauksbee's first apparatus for spinning a glass vial. While it is the first such device, it is not recognized as the first electrical machine of the type since it's purpose was to agitate mercury within the vial vs. produce electricity.
In 1709 he self-published Physico-Mechanical Experiments on Various Subjects which collected together many of these experiments along with discussion that summarized much of his scientific work. Containing an Account of Several Surprising Phenomena Touching Light and Electricity". It is one of the most important works in early electricity and introduced several new concepts and discoveries.
豪克斯比的实验证明，Jean Picard发现的水银辉光在非玻璃容器中也能产生这种效应，而且不需要很低的气压。他用一支长玻璃管把空气压入钟状玻璃瓶下的水银盆里, 发现空气把水银吹起的同时, 水银上方的真空管出现了辉光. 通过这个实验豪克斯比认为“水银辉光” 属于一种真空中的摩擦起电现象. 他进而设想, 如果这种认识正确的话, 其他物质在同等条件下也会产生辉光.他又设计了另一个实验, 通过扶手自动地把湿布压在可以旋转的琥珀球上, 将这套装置放进一个玻璃罩中用抽气机向外抽气, 使罩内变成“ 真空” 并使琥珀球高速旋转, 他发现罩内产生了强烈的辉光, 开启阀门把空气缓缓通入罩内辉光会逐渐暗下来, 最后完全消失. 然后他又用玻璃球代替琥珀球, 同样也能产生辉光. 根据他所做的实验, 豪克斯比断言: “ 辉光是由于电产生的,而不是由于水银磷产生的. ”
与富兰克林、法拉第等不同，在电学历史上，很少有人注意到豪克斯比的贡献。2010年，英国皇家协会以他的名字设立了“豪克斯比奖”，用以表彰哪些为支持国家基础科学研究而默默工作的无名英雄。
豪克斯比起电器表演
Hauksbee's Glass-Globe Friction Machine
电的表演
Hauksbee 起电器在欧洲风靡，被魔术师追捧
电学家的表演：奥地利伯爵宴请会，吸引羽毛，点燃白兰地，电气赐福
表演场面越来越大，上帝参与世俗事物，上帝显灵
Hauksbee 玻璃球起电器的其他形式
埃尔富特，戈登玻璃圆筒
瑞士格力松斯 普拉塔 圆形玻璃板
伦敦光学仪器师 冉斯登 圆形玻璃板
Nalrne 发电机
Winter 发电机
Armstrong’s Hydro-electric Machine
Holtz’s electrical machine
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