【世界决定视界】【视界决定世界】
what you see forms what you'll be
欢迎打开“我与我们的世界”，从此，让我们一起纵览世界之风云变幻、洞察社会之脉搏律动、感受个体之生活命运、挖掘自然之点滴奥妙。
我与我们的世界，既是一个奋斗的世界，也是一个思考的世界。奋而不思则罔，思而不奋则殆。这个世界，你大，它就大；你小，它就小。
欢迎通过上方公众号名称，来挖掘本公众号与大家共享的往期文章，因为，每期都能让你“走近”不一样的世界、带给你不一样的精彩。
本期导读：死亡 (death)， 是相对于生命体存在（存活）的生命现象，指维持一个生物存活的所有生物学功能的永久终止。能够导致死亡的现象一般有：衰老、被捕食、营养不良、疾病、窒息、自杀、他杀、饿死、脱水以及意外事故还有死刑（如枪决）和吸毒，或者受伤。
2017年世界人类死亡原因排行
所有已知的生物，都会不可避免地经历死亡。在人类社会中，死亡这自然现象被宗教和哲学关注了几千年。这些关注中可能包含有一种信念，即某种复活（相关于亚伯拉罕诸教）、转世（相关于古印度宗教，如婆罗门教、佛教等），或者意识永久消失，被称为“神灭”（Oblivion，通常相关于无神论）。
2017年世界人类死亡各年龄段原因排行
人类死亡之日称为忌日、死忌。死亡之后的纪念仪式可能包括各种丧礼或葬礼。人的尸体通常被称为遗体，一般会土葬或火化，但亦有海葬、天葬等多种其他方法处理遗体。
死亡作为生命终结的象征，是非常严肃和悲伤的事情，因此死亡一事在全球各地的文化中都有举足轻重的地位，需要为死者举行隆重而富有仪式性的葬礼，纪念其一生的功过，丧礼和悼念死者可说是普世的文化现象。
传染性疾病、非传染性疾病、外伤
导致的人类死亡变动趋势
虽然宗教对死亡有深入的解释，但现代科学对死亡的探索仍无止境。在几十年前，人们就通过做实验，或进行调查，形成了人死亡后的状态的研究体系，称为“濒死体验研究”。
简言之，就是人死亡后，意识（灵魂）脱出躯体，游离世间的种种体验，在人被抢救甦生后道出，科学家将之作为调查材料，并进行总结研究。
世界人类死亡各年龄段占比变动趋势
不同的社会阶级，死亡所受到的重视和对待也是不一样的。在中国古代，建立起封建主义和专权统治制度后，对不同阶级者的死亡称呼，乃至葬礼的规格也各有区别。
例如，皇帝死亡叫做“崩殂”、“驾崩”、“崩”、“晏驾”，公侯贵戚死称“薨”，士大夫、大臣死称“卒”，士死称“不禄”，庶人死称“殁”、“死”。实际上，这一套体系，还牵涉到禁语概念，在民间也有体现。
2017年世界人类死亡风险因素排行
一般来说，死亡被视作不祥之事，不好直接陈述，因此诞生了许多避讳的禁语，如“没了”、“百年之后”、“归天”等。在社会职业和情感色彩，对死亡的形容也各有区别；含有悲壮、惋惜、尊重、严肃意义者，或针对军人、大众事业丧生者，称“牺牲”（词源是古代祭礼）、“逝世”、“去世”、“辞世”等。
2017年世界各国系列死亡风险因素死亡率
含有戏谑、不敬意义者，叫“嗝儿屁”、“一命呜呼”、“翘辫子”、“死硬了”、“见阎王”等；对待在事故中死亡者，称为“遇难”、“遇害”、“丧生”；未成年死亡者，可称为“殇”、“夭折”。
对宗教人员，又有特别的称呼，如“圆寂”、“入灭”、“舍寿”、“仙逝”、“无常”等。类似的用语，在其他文化中也能寻见。
Coronavirus: How to understand the death toll
新冠疫情：该如何解读新冠疫情中的死亡数据？
小编注：译文部分仅供参考；下面共享的信息，摘自BBC官网2020年04月01日的报道；本公众号更多“全球疫情”、“BBC”、“外媒”、“国际时事”等相关优质文章，见文末往期精彩；本公众号共享资料下载方式，见文末注释部分。
Each day, news of more deaths is a huge source of alarm to people across the country - as well as a tragedy for the families involved.
Projections of how bad the outbreak could get have prompted ministers to put the country into lockdown. But what are death figures really telling us? And how bad is it going to get?
Is coronavirus causing the deaths?
死亡是新冠病毒导致的么？
The death figures being reported daily are hospital cases where a person dies with the coronavirus infection in their body - because it is a notifiable disease case that has to be reported.
But what the figures do not tell us is to what extent the virus is causing the death.
It could be the major cause, a contributory factor or simply present when they are dying of something else.
Most people who die with coronavirus have an underlying health condition, such as heart disease or diabetes, that may be more of a factor.
For example, an 18-year-old in Coventry tested positive for coronavirus the day before he died and was reported as its youngest victim at the time.
But the hospital subsequently released a statement saying his death had been due to a separate 'significant' health condition and not connected to the virus.
There are, however, other cases, including health workers and a 13-year-old boy from London, who died with no known health conditions.
The Office for National Statistics is now trying to determine the proportion of these deaths that are caused specifically by coronavirus.
How many could die?
会有多少人死亡？
Imperial College London modelling, used to inform government, has suggested 500,000 could have died by August in the UK if the virus was left to rip through the population.
It also warned the government's previous strategy to slow the spread by asking those with symptoms to self-isolate and shield the most vulnerable could have led to 250,000 deaths.
Now, it is hoped the lockdown will limit deaths to 20,000.
But that does not mean 480,000 lives are being saved - many will die whether or not they get the virus.
Every year, about 600,000 people in the UK die. And the frail and elderly are most at risk, just as they are if they have coronavirus.
Nearly 10% of people aged over 80 will die in the next year, Prof Sir David Spiegelhalter, at the University of Cambridge, points out, and the risk of them dying if infected with coronavirus is almost exactly the same.
That does not mean there will be no extra deaths - but, Sir David says, there will be 'a substantial overlap'.
'Many people who die of Covid [the disease caused by coronavirus] would have died anyway within a short period,' he says.
Knowing exactly how many is impossible to tell at this stage.
Prof Neil Ferguson, the lead modeller at Imperial College London, has suggested it could be up to two-thirds.
But while deaths without the virus would be spread over the course of a year, those with the virus could come quickly and overwhelm the health service.
How effective is the lockdown?
封城措施的有效性怎么样？
The most immediate way to judge the current policy is to see if the health service manages to cope with the coronavirus cases it sees in the coming weeks.
Beyond that, the key measure will be what is called excess deaths - the difference between the expected number of deaths and actual deaths.
This is closely monitored during flu seasons. During recent winters, there have been about 17,000 excess deaths from flu a year, Public Health England says.
This, of course, can be done in the future only. But researchers at University College London have been trying to model it in advance.
If coronavirus turns out to be no more deadly than flu, the lockdown could limit the number of excess deaths to under 1,400 - more than 12,000 fewer than would have happened under the previous strategy of slowing its spread, before the decision was taken to move to lockdown.
If it turns out to be five times more deadly than flu, the lockdown could limit coronavirus to 6,900 extra deaths - more than 60,000 fewer than under the previous strategy.
What about the impact of the lockdown?
封城措施的影响几何？
The lockdown, itself, however could cost lives.
Prof Robert Dinwall, from Nottingham Trent University, says 'the collateral damage to society and the economy' could include:
mental health problems and suicides linked to self-isolation
heart problems from lack of activity
the impact on health from increased unemployment and reduced living standards
Others have also pointed to the health cost from steps such as delaying routine operations and cancer screening.
Meanwhile, University of Bristol researchers say the benefit of a long-term lockdown in reducing premature deaths could be outweighed by the lost life expectancy from a prolonged economic dip.
And the tipping point, they say, is a 6.4% decline in the size of the economy - on a par with what happened following the 2008 financial crash.
It would see a loss of three months of life on average across the population because of factors from declining living standards to poorer health care.
What will happen next?
接下来疫情会怎么演变？
The policies in place at the moment are aimed at suppressing the peak by stopping the spread of the virus.
Once the peak has passed, decisions will have to be taken about what to do next.
The virus will not simply have gone away and with a vaccine at least a year away, the challenge will be how to manage the virus.
A balance will need to be struck between keeping it at bay and trying to control its spread to avoid a second peak, while allowing the country to return to normal.
Seeing the full picture in terms of lives saved and lives lost will be essential in getting those calls right.
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