美DATA法案:更优数据更佳决策更好政府

来源：中国会计视野

发布时间：2015-05-17

作者：张翔 编辑：无忧草

核心提示：美国管理与预算办公室和财政部推进政府工作的数据化，让联邦数据更加透明，并向美国公民公开。

视野讯：一年前，美国国会通过了《2014数字问责和透明度法案》（DATA法案）。在此之后，美国管理与预算办公室（OMB）和财政部也加入了此类数据的创建和使用队伍，并采取重要的启动步骤来推进政府工作的数据化，让联邦数据更加透明，并向美国公民公开。今天（2015年5月8日）是DATA法案下一阶段工作的起始点。

陆续推出数据标准

目前，在如何使用资金方面，联邦政府会生成大量的数据，但在某些情况下，同样的意思表达方式却不一样。这种不一致性让数据的全面使用变得困难。从2015年5月8日开始，在今后的两年时间内，DATA法案将要求联邦机构清理这些碎片，并按具体类别报告联邦基金的收支情况。例如，本机构从国会收到多少资金，在具体项目和奖励上花费了多少资金。DATA法案还要求联邦机构在USAspending.gov网站（联邦政府的一站式资金开支数据网站）上发布信息时，使用政府各部门的通用数据标准。当前，这些标准未在所有联邦机构中得到全面使用。

从今天开始，我们将陆续推出57项数据标准。其中一些标准是根据我们收到的公众意见最终确定下来的，而其他标准需要更多的公众意见，并计划在今年夏季最后敲定。今天，我们发布了15项数据标准的正式版本，这些标准是我们通过GitHub公众合作空间收集国会、行业利益相关者、联邦机构、纳税人等合作伙伴的反馈意见后制定的。所有联邦机构在USAspending.gov网站上发布任何开支数据时都需要遵守这些标准。我们还发布了12项数据标准的建议稿和30项现有数据元素，并正着手它们在整个政府部门的规范工作。迄今为止，与大众对话和合作一直是我们不断取得进步的关键所在，我们诚邀您访问我们在GitHub上的在线合作空间，了解这些标准建议稿的详细信息。

除了数据标准外，我们一直在测试整个联邦政府范围内数据交换的新格式。需要特别指出的是，财政部开展了试点工作，展示了我们如何通过可扩展商业报告语言（XBRL）格式标记奖励数据。这一过程被称为DATA法案模式（DATA Act Schema），它已在线发布，并将根据公众意见不断改进。

帮助联邦机构落实标准，推出《DATA法案实施手册》

为了确保在两年时间内，联邦政府拥有必要工具来采用这些标准，OMB还针对联邦机构发布了指引—《加强联邦开支的透明度，实现联邦开支数据的可访问性、可检索性和可靠性》。为了协助联邦机构落实这些标准，财政部编写了《DATA法案实施手册》，其中涵盖八个关键步骤，如果遵循了所有步骤，联邦机构将能充分利用现有能力来推动DATA法案的落实。财政部将继续完善《实施手册》，通过召开会议和举办研讨会等形式，向联邦机构介绍DATA法案相关活动的最新情况，鼓励联邦机构互相合作，分享重要观点和信息。

最后，利用美国卫生和公共服务部（HHS）在这一领域的领先地位，我们开展了一项试点计划以测试和探讨如何简化联邦拨款接受者的报告程序。我们以非传统的方式来开展这项试点工作，以期在未来两年时间内能识别和测试各类改善途径。作为起始，我们今天发布了通用数据元素库，并为Grants.gov增添了一个提供拨款周期信息的新版块，以测试数据标准如何转换为报告工作所耗时间的节约，以及如何将联邦拨款所有信息集中到一个地方。

虽然我们很高兴DATA法案的实施工作在现有预算资金范围内所取得的进展，但该项工作充满了复杂性，前路还将面临诸多挑战。2016财年预算提议拨款8400万美元以帮助联邦机构推进DATA法案实施工作并加强联邦支出的透明度。通过更好的数据，我们才能做出更佳的决策，并确保每一美元用得其所。

如欲详细了解我们在DATA法案方面开展的工作以及公众如何参与进来，请点击此处链接访问USAspending网站。

校对：叶凌波

中国会计视野2015年5月16日23:32发布，转载请注明来源和作者。

原文Betterdata, Better decisions, Better government链接：https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2015/05/08/better-data-better-decisions-better-government

原文：

Betterdata, Better decisions, Better government

Postedby David Mader and David Lebryk on May 08, 2015 at 01:00 PM EDT

Ayear ago, Congress passed the Digital Accountability and Transparency Act of2014, or the DATA Act. Since then, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)and the Department of the Treasury (Treasury) have engaged with the communitiesthat create and use this data and taken important first steps towards creatinga more data driven government, and making federal data more transparent andavailable to the American people. Today marks the beginning of the next phaseof implementation of the DATA Act.

Rolling Out DataStandards

Currently,the Federal Government produces huge amounts of data about how it spends money,but in some cases the same words are used in different ways. Theseinconsistencies make it difficult to use this data in a comprehensive way. Overa two-year period, starting today, the DATA Act requires Federal agencies tostreamline this fragmentation and report Federal funds, broken down intospecific categories like how much funding an agency receives from Congress andhow much they are spending on specific projects and awards. It also requiresagencies to use common government-wide data standards when posting thatinformation to USAspending.gov – standards that aren't currently applied acrossall agencies for all uses.

Todaywe are beginning the rollout of 57 data standards. Some are final based onpublic input we have already received, and others will require additional inputas we finalize them this summer. As a result of input from our partners inCongress, industry stakeholders, federal agencies, and taxpayers throughfeedback on our public GitHub collaboration space, 15 final data standardsavailable today will be used by all agencies for all federal spending dataposted on USAspending.gov, the Federal Government’s one-stop shop for spendingdata. We are also releasing 12additional proposed data standards and 30 existing data elements that we are inthe process of standardizing across the government. Conversation andcollaboration with the public has been key to our progress thus far and weencourage you to visit our online collaboration space on GitHub for moreinformation on these proposed standards.

Inaddition to data standards, we have been testing new formats for exchangingdata across the Federal Government. In particular, Treasury’s pilots havedemonstrated how we can digitally tag award data through the eXtensibleBusiness Reporting Language (XBRL) format. This process is called the DATA ActSchema and it has been released online and will continue to be refined withpublic input.

Helping Agencies &the DATA Act Playbook

Toensure the government has the necessary tools to adopt these standards withinthe two-year timeline, OMB also issued guidance to agencies on IncreasingTransparency of Federal Spending by Making Federal Spending Data Accessible, Searchable,and Reliable. And to assist agencies with implementation, Treasury created aDATA Act Playbook with eight key steps that, if followed together, will helpagencies leverage existing capabilities to drive implementation of the DATAAct. Treasury will continue to refine the Playbook and will hold meetings andworkshops with agencies to provide updates on DATA Act activities, encourageagency collaboration, and share important insights and information.

Finally,leveraging the leadership of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS),we have begun a pilot program to test and explore ways to simplify thereporting process for recipients of federal grants. We are approaching thispilot in a non-traditional way, with the goal of using the next two years toidentify and test multiple ways to improve. To start, today, we have launched a repository for common data elementsand a new section of Grants.gov withinformation about the grants lifecycle, which will test how data standards cantranslate to actual time saved in reporting and how to put all informationabout Federal grants in one place.

Whilewe are pleased with the progress that has been made so far on the DATA Actimplementation within existing budgetary resources, this is a complex projectwith challenges ahead. The FY 2016 Budget proposes $84 million to allowagencies to make progress in implementing the DATA Act and increase Federalspending transparency. With better data, we will make better decisions andensure that every dollar is well spent.

Formore information about our efforts under the DATA Act and how the public canparticipate, please visit USAspending HERE.

DavidMader is the Controller of the Office of Federal Financial Management at theWhite House Office of Management and Budget.

DavidLebryk is the Fiscal Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Department of theTreasury.