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本期导读：肥胖症（Obesity）是指体脂肪累积过多而对健康造成负面影响的身体状态，可能导致寿命减短及各种健康问题。肥胖与遗传有关，也与生活方式相关；一些人可能因为基因之故而较不容易发胖，但不论是谁，任何人都有可能发胖，但反过来任何人也都有可能减重。
肥胖的标准常使用身体质量指数（BMI）来衡量，即以体重（公斤）除以身高（米）的平方。西方人认为BMI大于30 千克/m2 即为肥胖，介于25到30 千克/m2间则为过重；一些东亚国家和地区采用更严格的标准，例如中国台湾卫生署（今卫生福利部）于2002年4月公布成人的BMI≧27 即为肥胖，24≦BMI＜27 则为过重。但幼儿并不适合用成人的BMI标准来评量。
肥胖会增加心血管疾病、2型糖尿病、睡眠呼吸中止症、某些癌症、退化性关节炎及其他疾病的发生机会。而造成肥胖的主因常包括热量摄取过多、欠缺运动及体质问题等，其他如基因缺陷、内分泌异常、药物影响及精神疾病也可能造成肥胖。有种说法认为“肥胖的人由于代谢慢，因此即使吃得不多也会越来越胖”，但目前的科学证据倾向不支持此种论点。由于维持体重增加所需的能量，肥胖者的能量消耗比正常人多。
肥胖可以由个人选择结合社会变革共同预防。肥胖的主要治疗方式有饮食计划和运动。患者在日常饮食中必须避免高热量（高油高糖）食物并增加高纤食物，若良好的饮食控制无法有效减重，则可以考虑搭配抗肥胖药物来减低食欲和抑制脂肪吸收。如果饮食、运动、甚至搭配药物都不见效，用来减少胃容积的胃内水球置放术可能会有帮助，以手术来减少胃容积或肠道长度也能直接降低食量并减少营养素的吸收。
肥胖是全世界主要的可预防死因，也是21世纪最重要的公共卫生问题之一。目前成人与儿童的肥胖盛行率都在上升，且女性较男性更常发生。2015年，全球有6亿名成人（13%）和4200万名五岁以下的孩童有肥胖问题。现代世界的许多地方（尤其是西方国家）受到污名化，尽管在历史上的其他时候，肥胖常被视为财富与多产的象征，并且在世界的某些地区仍然如此。2013年，包括美国医学会和美国心脏协会等数个医学会将肥胖定义为一种疾病。
古希腊医学和古埃及的文献都将肥胖视为一种疾病。希波克拉底这么写道：“肥胖本身不是一种病，但它是其他疾病的前兆。”公元前六世纪的印度外科医师苏许鲁塔认为肥胖与糖尿病与心血管疾病有关，并建议以运动来治疗肥胖以及过重体位。
古印度的波斯匿王曾因为发胖而苦，要求释迦牟尼教他减肥的方法。释迦牟尼要他节食、节制睡眠、多运动、多思考，保持谦逊的态度。波斯匿王不久就减肥成功。
在历史长河中，人类大部分的时间都在食物缺乏中求生存，因此视肥胖为财富与繁荣的象征。在中世纪与文艺复兴时代的欧洲高官身上以及古代东亚文明的权贵身上都经常可以见到肥胖的情形。
Half of world on track to be overweight by 2035
全球人口到2035年约有一半体重将会超标
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More than half the world's population will be classed as obese or overweight by 2035 if action is not taken, the World Obesity Federation warns.
More than four billion people will be affected, with rates rising fastest among children, its report says.
Low or middle-income countries in Africa and Asia are expected to see the greatest rises.
The report predicts the cost of obesity will amount to more than $4tn (£3.3tn) annually by 2035.
The president of the federation, Prof Louise Baur, described the report's findings as a clear warning to countries to act now or risk repercussions in the future.
The report in particular highlights the rising rates of obesity among children and teenagers, with rates expected to double from 2020 levels among both boys and girls.
Prof Baur said the trend was 'particularly worrying', adding that 'governments and policymakers around the world need to do all they can to avoid passing health, social, and economic costs on to the younger generation' by assessing 'the systems and root factors' that contribute to obesity.
The effects of obesity's prevalence on lower-income countries is also highlighted in the report. Nine of the 10 countries with the greatest expected increases in obesity globally are low or lower-middle income states in Africa and Asia.
Reasons include trends in dietary preferences towards more highly processed foods, greater levels of sedentary behaviour, weaker policies to control food supply and marketing, and less well-resourced healthcare services to assist in weight management and health education.
Lower-income countries are 'often the least able to respond to obesity and its consequences'.
The findings estimate that rises in obesity rates around the world will have a significant impact on the global economy, equating to 3% of global Gross Domestic Product.
The report emphasises that its acknowledgement of the economic impact of obesity 'is in no way a reflection of blame on people living with obesity'.
The data published in the report will be presented to the UN on Monday.
Obese is a medical term used to describe a person with a high excess of body fat.
The report uses body mass index (BMI) to make its assessments. BMI is calculated by dividing an adult's weight by the square of their height.
Economic impact of overweight and obesity to surpass $4 trillion by 2035
Global study predicts that more than half the global population will be living with overweight and obesity within 12 years if prevention, treatment and support do not improve.
The World Obesity Atlas 2023, published by World Obesity Federation, predicts that the global economic impact of overweight and obesity will reach $4.32 trillion annually by 2035 if prevention and treatment measures do not improve. At almost 3% of global GDP, this is comparable with the impact of COVID-19 in 2020.
The majority of the global population (51%, or over 4 billion people) will be living with either overweight or obesity by 2035 if current trends prevail. 1 in 4 people (nearly 2 billion) will have obesity.
Childhood obesity could more than double by 2035 (from 2020 levels). Rates are predicted to double among boys to 208 million (100% increase) and more than double among girls to 175 million (125% increase) and are rising more rapidly among children than adults.
Lower income countries are facing rapid increases in obesity prevalence. Of the 10 countries with the greatest expected increases in obesity globally (for both adults and children), 9 of those are from low or lower-middle income countries. All are from either Asia or Africa.
World Obesity Federation calls for comprehensive national action plans to help countries act on new World Health Organization (WHO) Recommendations for the Prevention and Management of Obesity. The Atlas report will be presented at a high-level policy event on 6 March to UN policymakers, member states and civil society.
Acknowledgement of the economic impact is in no way a reflection of blame on people living with obesity, which is a chronic, relapsing disease.
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