状语从句.概念
状语从句修饰主句中的动词,形容词,副词等,在复合句中作状语.引导状语从句的关联词是从属连词.状语从句用陈述句语序,一般位于复合句的句首或句末.当从句在句首时,从句后常用逗号和主句相隔.状语是句子谓语动词的重要组成部分。它的主要语法功能是说明谓语动词，在时间、地点、方式、原因、结果，条件等方面对谓语动词作细节上的描述这些状语经常由副词、短语和从句表示。起状语作用的从句就是状语从句。状语从句可分为1时间 2地点 3目的 4原因 5结果 6方式 7条件 8让步 9比较九个种类。
考点分析：
1. 状语从句虽然有完整的主谓结构，却是不能独立的从句。
2. 状语从句它由从属连词引导成为整个句子一个不可缺少的部分。
3. 考查的热点有条件、时间、地点、让步等状语从句的连接词词义辨析.
4. 动词的时态呼应、状语从句的省略等。
5. 题干结构呈交叉和综合特征，选项设计多从定语从句和名词性从句的角度进行思维干扰。
引导状语从句的连接词列表
状 语 从 句
连 接 词
时间状语从句
常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as(一……就……), while, before, after, since , till, until。 特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, barely \ scarcely … when(一……就……)，each time, the first（第一次）, last time。every time（每次）,
地点状语从句
常用引导词：where。 特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere
原因状语从句
常用引导词：because, since, as, since。特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, in as much as,
条件状语从句
常用引导词：if, unless,。 特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that。
让步状语从句
常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though。 特殊引导词： as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter …， in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever。
结果状语从句
常用引导词：so … that, so… that, such … that,。 特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that。
方式状语从句
常用引导词：as, as if, how。 特殊引导词：the way
目的状语从句
常用引导词：so that, in order that。 特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that。
比较状语从句
常用引导词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)。 特殊引导词：the more … the more … ; just as …， so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no … more than; not A so much as B
★★★★第一讲：时间状语从句★★★★
1. 表示“一…就…”的连接词引导的时间状语从句：
1由“as soon as, the instant/ the moment, the minute, instantly, directly, once, immediately”等引导的时间状语从句：
The moment he saw me, he ran away. 他一看见我，就跑了。
My sister came directly she got my message. 我妹妹一收到我的信息就来了。
Once printed, this book will be very popular.一印刷，这本书就将非常流行。
Instantly the button is pressed, the mine explodes.这个扭一按下去，这矿就爆炸了。
They told me the news immediately they got the message.他一得到信息就马上把消息告诉了我。
2 由“no sooner… than”和“had just/hardly/scarcely/ barely …when”引导的时间状语从句。
Hardly had I returned when I bought a fine house. 我一回来就买了个好房子。
He had no sooner received the news than he started.他一收到这个消息就出发了。
No sooner had we reached the top of the hill than we all sat down to rest. 我们一到达山顶就全都坐下来休息。
Scarcely had he entered the room when the phone rang.他一进屋电话就响了。
We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.我们刚一吃完早饭门口就来了一个老人。
2. 其它引导时间状语从句的连接词：
1由“as, while, when, whenever”引导的时间状语从句，同时whenever引导的也是让步状语从句。
The volumes varies as the temperature increases.
She entered the room when the meeting was going on.当会议正在进行时她进了屋。
Come and see me whenever you want to.无论你什么时候想来看我都可以。
Whenever father says”not bad”, he really means “very good”.无论父亲什么时候说“不错“，他真正的意思是”很好“。
While the teacher explained the text, the students listened attentively and took notes.当老师解释课文时，学生们认真地听并记下笔记。
While ,when 和as的用法区别：
在表示“当…时候“，句中是延续性动词时，三个词的用法差别不大，一般可互换。例如：
While /when/ as the students were studying, the lights went out.学生在学习时等灭了。
1 As 从句可用来表示以下三种情况，意为“一边……一边……”、 “随着”“正当”之意：
1. 某事一发生，另一事立即发生。
As I expressed to him my thanks, he held my hand firmly. 当我向他表示感谢时，他紧紧地抓住了我的手。
2. 在某事发生的过程中另一事件发生。两个句子动词都用一般时态，从句也可用进行时态。
As they opened the door on the ground floor, Mary said,”don’t light the lamps.”当他们打开一楼的门时，玛丽说：“别开灯。“
One evening in 1902 as she was sitting with Pierre at home, she said to him, “let’s go down to the laboratory again.” 1902年的一个夜晚，她和皮埃尔坐在家里时，她对皮埃尔说：“咱们再去一下实验室吧。“
3. 两个动作同时发生。
As each day passes(=with the passing of each day), China becomes more and more powerful and prosperous.随着一天天的过去，中国变得越来越繁荣强大。
As the peasant boy fought back, the nobleman drew his sword(剑) and thrust(刺) it at him.正当那农家男孩还手时，那个贵族拔出剑朝他刺过来。
While 引导的时间状语从句必须用持续性动词或to be 表示状态，意为“当…时候“”趁着…“while从句可以表示：
1. 一般或现在的情况。
Make hay while the sun shines. 太阳好，就晒草。
We must strike while the iron is hot. 我们必须趁热打铁。
Never get on or off a bus while it is in motion. 汽车运行时不要上下车。
2. 将来情况（从句谓语可用一般现在时或现在进行时）。
I will be kind to him while you are away.你不在时我会对他好的。
I am going to the postoffice. ---while you are there,can you get me some stamps?我要去邮局了。---你在那儿时，帮我买些邮票好吗？
I will get something to eat while you are finding the book.你找书时我要拿点东西吃。
3. 过去情况（时态主要有下面三种情况）。
1主句和从句谓语都用一般过去时。
A letter came here for you while you were ill.你生病时来了封你的信。
She listened carefully while he read the letter.他读信时她仔细听着。
2. 从句谓语用过去进行时，主句谓语用一般过去时。
I hurt my left shoulder while I was doing gym.. 我做操时伤了左肩膀。
While I was windering at this,our master took his place. 我正对这感到纳闷时，我们的老师就座了。
3主句和从句谓语都过去进行时。
While people in other countries were trying to catch animals, farmers in China were developing the science of agriculture. 当世界上其他国家的人们还在捕猎时，中国的农民已经在从事农业科学研究了。
When 引导的时间状语从句既可用持续性又可用非持续性动词。
1When只是单纯的表示动作的时间，意为“当…时”。
When he answers questions, it takes about two minutes.他回答问题时大约要花两分钟时间。
Are you going to be a sailor when you leave school? 你毕业后想当个海员吗？
2when 引导的时间状语从句还表示突然发生某事，意为“正在……忽然”。
Tom and susan were walking down the street when they saw an accident.汤姆和苏三正在街上走，忽然看到一场意外事故。
I was about to go swimming when our guide stopped me. 我正要去游泳，这时向导把我拦住了。
3when引导的时间状语从句还可以表示过早的发生某事，意为“还没（刚刚）… 就”，这时连词before也可以这么用，表示出现意想不到的情况。
He had gone through six carriages （before）when he found he could go no further. 他走过了六节车厢，这时他发现再也走不过去了。
She had not been married many weeks when that man’s younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty.她结婚刚刚几个星期，那个人的弟弟就看见了她，并且被她的美貌所吸引。
Someone called up in the middle of the night, but they hung up before(when) I could answer the phone。有人半夜打来电话，但是没等我接就挂断了。
4when还有“尽管，虽然，既然，鉴于，如果，届时，在那时”等意思。
He walks when he might take a taxi.虽然他可坐出租车，不过他还是步行。
How could I live in Los Angeles when all my favorite people live here? 既然我最喜欢的人都在这里，我怎能住在洛杉矶呢？
How can you hope for mercy yourself when you show none? 如果你不宽恕别人，你自己怎能希望得到别人的宽恕呢
It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, when for the first time in years their team won the world cup.对于这些足球迷们来说，这时今年令人激动的时刻，这是他们的队多年来第一次赢得世界杯。
2 由“till, until”引导的时间状语从句时，在肯定句中主句常用延续性动词（如wait, work, study等），意为“一直到…”。在否定句中，主句要用非延续性动词（如stop, begin, arrive, die, get married等）。Not…until结构常被译成“直到…才”。
The couple worked in the laboratory until day had broken. 夫妻俩在实验室一直工作到天亮。
The couple didn’t stop working in the laboratory until day had broken.
They didn’t go home until they had finished the work. 他们直到完成工作才回家。
★注意：该句型的强调句是历年高考的热点。肯定句要进行强调时可以采用正规的强调句结构，也可以直接将until从句或短语提至句首。
It was Until the train had left that he waited for his companion to come. 直到火车已经离开了，他还在等他的伙伴来。
She stood there till/ until he had passed out of sight. 她站在那里，直到看不见他的身影.
Until the train had left, he waited for his companion to come. 直到火车已经离开了，他还在等他的伙伴来。
★注意: 而否定句的强调常用it is/ was not until……that……结构或把not和until从句或短语提至句首，而主句采用倒装语序。
Until they had finished the work, they didn’t go home.
It was not until she finished doing her homework that the determined girl went to bed.
Not until she finished doing her homework did the determined girl go to bed.直到做完作业以后，那个有决心的女孩才睡觉的。
趁热打铁-----学生练习: 把下列not…until 结构变成强调句。
1. The director didn’t realize that clerk’s importance until he asked to leave the unit.
It _____ ______ ______ he asked to leave _____ the director _____ that clerk’s importance.(was not until, that, realized)
_______ until he asked to leave ______ the director _____ that clerk’s importance.（not, did, realize）
2. The journalist won’t leave until he sees the headmaster. 这记者直到看到校长才会走。
It ______ _____ ______ he sees the headmaster _____ the journalist will leave.(not, will )
______ until he sees the headmaster _____ the journalist leave.(is not until,that )
由“before, after”引导的时间状语从句：★before引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词发生在主句谓语动词之后，而after引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词发生在主句谓语动词之前。
Remember to turn off the light before you leave.在你离开前记得关灯。
After she had written the letter, she went to the post office.她写完这封信后，她去了邮局。
在时间状语从句中，连词before除表示“在……之前”外，还常用来表示两件事情的发生相隔时间之长或之短。
Before I could say anything, he had read my mind. 我还未能说什麽，他就猜出了我的心思。
The host and the hostess had waited for hours before the guest came. 主人等了几个小时以后客人才来了。
考点突破之重点精讲一“状语从句的省略”
Unless _____ to the meeting, you should stay at home with your family.
A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited
答案：A. 因为主从句的主语都是you,将条件状语从句中的主语you和助动词are省略了。
1在时间状语从句（when, while, once, until等引导的）条件状语从句，让步状语从句（though,although等引导的），比较状语从句（than引导的）和方式状语从句中，如果主从句的主语相同，且从句中有be动词时，可以省去从句中的主语和be动词。例如：
Although he is very old. He is still very strong, 可省略成“Although very old. He is still very strong,”
The product is better than it is commonly supposed. 可省略成“The product is better than commonly supposed.,”
2注意：如果状语从句中的主语是it,且谓语为be动词时，即使主从句的主语不一致，也可以省略状语从句中的主语it和谓语be动词。例如：
I will come early to help you prepare the speech if (it is) possible. 如果可能的话，我会早点来帮你准备演讲。
考点突破之重点精讲二“状语从句中的时态呼应”
--What are planning to do in the future? ---No idea. After all, I still have three terms to go before I ______ .
A. will graduate B. will have graduate C. graduate D. an graduating
答案：C. 在时间状语从句中要用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
1在时间，条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时，但有时也可在条件句中出现will表意愿。如：
If you will come this way,our manager wants to see you. 请您这边来，经理想见你。
2在时间，条件状语从句中，也常用现在完成时代替将来完成时。在间接引语中的时间和条件状语从句中，常用一般过去时代替过去将来时，过去完成时代替过去将来完成时。例如：
The tuorists will get to the destination in time if their car doesn’t break down.
如果车不出故障那些游客会及时到达目的地的。
I need one more stamp before my collection is completed. 在我的集邮完整之前我还需要另外一枚邮票。
The traveller won’t leave the hotel(招待所)until he has done all his business.
直到处理事务以后那个旅客才会离开旅馆。
趁热打铁-----学生练习: 用所给动词的正确的时态完成句子。
1. Your cousin will be a government official by the time he ______ (be) thirty. 答案：is.
2. I don’t know if the musician will get married to the politician as they have planned, but if they _____ (do), I will let you know. 答案：do.
3. the coach won’t forgive the gymnast unless she _____ (tell) him the truth. 答案：tells.
4. It will be centuries before this idea _____ true.(come) 答案：comes.
5. Mother told me not to go to the cinema until I _____ (do) my lessons. 答案：had done.
考点突破之重点精讲三“引导状语从句的before和since及引导强调句型的that的用法辨析”
What a splendid evening we have had together! It’s a fortnight_______I ebjoyed myself so much.
A. when B. that C. before D. since
答案：D。句意为“我们在一起度过了一个多么美好的夜晚啊！ 我已有两周没有这样开心地玩过了。”since引导时间状语从句时，表示“自从……以来”，符合本题的语境。
主句为“it + be动词 + 一段时间”这一结构时，后边的连词该用before，since还是that的问题。
解决这个问题的关键是看主句中的时态和整个主从句的意思。分为三种情况：
1. 如果表示两件事情的发生相隔时间之长或之短，常用before引导从句。它德的特点是：主句常是现在将来时、过去将来时或一般过去时。若主句采用一般过去时的时候，表一段时间的名词后无ago这个词。
It will be a fortnight before the new director takes charge.要过两周以后新主任才上任。
The expert said that it would not be long before robots replaced humans.那专家说要不了多久机器人会代替了人的。
Hurricane hit the area badly. It was long before the area became normal.飓风严重袭击该地区。过了很久以后，该地区才恢复了正常。
2. 如果主句是一般现在或现在完成时，连词常用since，它表示过去某一动作的发生离现在有多长时间了。
It is/has been centuries since the great wall came into being.自从长城形成到现在已经数个世纪了。
3. 若主句采用过去时态，且表一段时间的词后有ago这个词时，属强调句型，连词要用that.
It was centuries ago that the Great Wall came into being.是在数个世纪以前长城形成的。
趁热打铁-----学生练习 用before,that或since填空。
★★★★第二讲：地点状语从句★★★★
地点状语从句常用where, wherever, everywhere等连词引导；
I found my books where I left them.我在我放书的地方找到了我的书。
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者，事竟成。
Everywhere they went, they were warmly welcomed. 他们去每个地方，他们都受到热烈地欢迎。
They went wherever they could find work..无论他们在哪里能找到工作，他们就去哪里。
Wherever he is \may be, he must be found.无论他在哪里，他都会被发现。
注意不要和where引导的定语从句相混淆。
We shall go where working conditions are difficult.哪里工作条件艰苦，我们就去哪里。
We shall go to the place where work conditions are difficult.我们将去那工作条件艰苦的地方。
三星难点注意：地点状语从句也可以采取无动词分句结构。
Chang the form where necessary.
Wherever possible, all moving parts should be tested.
Wherever feasible, the illustrations have been taken from standard literature.
★★★★ 第三讲：原因状语从句★★★★
1. 由as／because／since 引导的原因状语从句：
As 引导的从句比because弱，比较口语化，它引导的从句一般置于句首。Because引导的从句表示原因的语气较强，它引导的从句对已明确的事实表示稍加分析后的原因，它引导的从句一般置于句末，也可置于句首。Since(既然…)引导的从句一般置于句首，常用在书面语中，表示对方已知或稍加分析便知的原因。Now that 和since意义接近，表示既然，鉴于某个事实。
Since Albert is late, let’s begin without him.
As a steel ship is hollow, it floats on water.
The book is interesting because it has many stories of adventure.
We camped there as／because／since it was too dark to go on．
我们在那里露宿是因为天太黑，不能再继续往前走了。
As／Because／Since it was too dark to go on，we camped there．
因为天太黑不能再继续往前走，我们就在那儿露宿了。
在下面几种情况下只用because:
1. 回答why提出的问题； 2. 用来引导表语从句。
3.用在强调原因状语从句的强调句之中； 4. 当从属连词前有only, just,simply修饰时。
1. Why is he absent?---Because he is ill.
2. Why he didn’t come to your party was because his father was badly ill.
3. It was because he didn’t recognize you ,he did not speak to you.他不跟你说话，是因为他没有认出你。
4. You shouldn’t get angry just because some people speak ill of you.你不应该因为有人说你的坏话就大发脾气。
2. 由连词for引导的句子语法上不叫原因状语从句，而叫做补充说明原因的并列分句。它不是一个从属连词而是一个并列连词，for引导的分句不能放在表结果的分句前。For前一般是逗号，但若前一句太长时，for前也可用逗号。 表示逻辑上的理由，提供一些有助于说明情况的补充说明，或表示一种推理，一般只用for引导。（所以它引导的分句一般不放在句首。）
There must be no one in the house for the door is closed.房子里一定没有人，因为门是锁着的。
Someone must have left the tap on, for the water was running over and flooding the bathroom.一定是谁让水龙头开着就走了，因为水淹了浴室还流了出来。
3. in view of the fact that可用as／since／seeing that来表示，但不能用because：
As／Since／Seeing that you are here，you may as well give me a hand．
既然你在这儿，你就帮我个忙吧。
As／Since／Seeing that Tom knows French，he’d better do the talking．
既然汤姆懂法语，最好让他来谈。
3 在as／since／seeing that意指以前共知的或共知的陈述时，可用if来代替：
As／Since／Seeing that／If you don’t like Bill，why did you invite him？
既然／如果你不喜欢比尔，你为什么邀请了他？
由in as much as, considering that , now that引导的原因状语从句。
I am ready to accept your proposal in as much as I believe it to be the best you can offer.我准备接受你的意见，因为我很是相信你提供的是最好的。
Considering that he has only been learning English for a year he speaks it very well.(它可以)因为他只学了一年英语，他就能说的很流利（好）。
Now that we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work.既然（因为）我们完成了课程，我们应开始做修正工作。（修正，修订，校订。Reviser校订者。Revised经过修订的.revise .vt. 复习，修改）
由介词词组by reason that, for the reason that, in the view of (the fact) that, on account of (the fact) that, on the gronds that, because of, owing to, due to, thanks to, in that等引导的原因状语从句。
He left on the grounds that he was ill.
Wine is scarce here by the reason that it is prohibited.
Owing to the rain, the match was cancelled.
In view of the heavy rain, we will put off the outing.
Thanks to my illness, I have the opportunity to improve my character.
其它的表示原因的从属连词：
The reason…is that…
The reason she refused to go was that she had no money.他不去的原因是他没有钱。
I can’t tell you anything when you won’t listen.既然你不想听，我就不说什么了。
In that\ for that he is ill, he feels unable to do it.因为他病了，所以他感到无能为力。
If I find fault, it is that I want you to do better in the future. 如果我指出你的缺点是因为我希望你将来做的更好些。
We rented the house not because we like it, but because there was no other house to let.我们租下这个房子不是因为我们喜欢它而是因为这没有其他的房子可租。
It is not that I am unwilling but that I have no time .不是我不愿意，而是我没有时间。
注意：if so的用法：
—I hope Bill won’t come． —If so（＝If you hope he won’t come），why did you invite him？
—我希望比尔别来。 —如果这样（=如果你希望他不来），你为什么邀请了他？
★★★★第四讲： 条件状语从句★★★★
1. “unless (= if … not)”引导的条件状语从句：
You will miss the bus unless you walk home more quikly.你将错过bus的，除非你快点回家。
Unless you go there early, there won’t be much a chance of getting a ticket.除非你早点去那，否则没机会买到票。
2. “if” 引导的条件状语从句：
I will travel around the world if I earn a lot of money.
If you work hard at your lessons, you are bound to pass the examination.
If in doult, ask a policeman.
If asked to comment, you should insist that you have nothing to say.
3. “provided/ providing (that), suppose/ supposing(that), on condition that”等表示“假如，如果，在……条件下”意思的词，引导的条件状语从句。
I will come provided that I am well enough.如果我好了，我会来的。
Supposing you fell in love with your boss, what would you do?如果你爱上了你的老板，你怎么办？
I will give you a day off on condition that you work on Saturday morning.我可以…条件是周六早晨得来上班。
4. “as long as, so long as”等表示“只要……”意思的连接词引导的条件状语从句。
You are welcone to stay with us as long as you share the rent.只要你肯平摊房租，我们很愿意你留下来。
You may take these magazines away so long as you return them on time.只要你能按时把它还回来，你可以…
5. “in case(万一，假如)” 引导的条件状语从句.
The meeting will be put off in case it rains.万一下雨，会议就要延期。
In case Mary comes, please tell her to come to my office.假如Mary来了，请告诉她到我办公室来。
6. 动词不定式表示条件。
Turn on the television or open a magazine and you will often see advertisements showing happy,balanced family.
打开电视或是翻开一本杂志，你会看到很多广告展示幸福、安定的家庭。
★★★★第五讲：让步状语从句★★★★
表达按正常思维考虑不可能的事情却成了现实。这样的状语从句称为让步状语从句。我自己认为让步就是存在一定条件下的说法.
引导让步状语从句的连词主要有以下这些：though, although, as; even if, even though; whether...or...; no matter+疑问词，疑问词-ever。下面对这些连词引导的让步状语从句作一说明。
（1）though, although表示“虽然，纵然”之意。这两个连词意思大致相同，在一般情况下可以互换使用。在口语中，though较常使用，although比though正式，二者都可与yet, still或nevertheless连用，但不能与but连用。例如：
Alhough/Though he was worn out, (still) he kept on working. 虽然他已经精疲力竭了，但仍然继续工作。
Although/Though he is very old, (yet)he is quite strong. 他虽然年纪大了，身体还很健壮。
值得注意的是，although引导的让步状语从句位于主句之前的情况较多，though引导的让步状语从句可位于主句之前或主句之后。例如：
She passed the examination though she had not studied very hard. 她虽然不用功学习，考试却及格了。
3.用though/although, as 引导让步状语从句时，句中不能用but表示转折语气。
不能说：Though he looks weak, but he is healthy.
而要说：Though he looks weak, he is healthy.
或者说：He looks weak, but he is healthy.
though还可以用作副词，放在句末。如：
It was hard work;; I enjoyed it, though=It was hard work, but I enjoyed it.那工作很苦，但是我喜欢干。
（2）as, though表示“虽然……但是”，“纵使……”之意。as引导的让步状语从句必须以部分倒装的形式出现，其倒装办法是从句中谓语动词是系动词be的，将表语提至句首（表语为不定冠词加名词时，须将不定冠词省略），句子的其它部分语序正常；在其它情况下，句中有状语时，将状语提至句首，其它部分语序正常，如果句中无状语时，将动词原形提至句首，必要时还要在从句中加助动词。以though引导的让步状语从句可像although引导的从句一样不倒装，也可以像as引导的从句一样倒装，倒装办法完全相同，只是不采用倒装语序的常用一点。但although引导的让步状语从句不可以倒装。例如：
Object as you may, I " ll go.(=Though/Although you may object, I " ll go.) 纵使你反对，我也要去。
Hard as/ though he works, he makes little progress. (=Though he works hard, he makes little progress.)尽管他学习很努力，但几乎没取得什么进步。
Child as/though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.（=Though he was a child, he knew what was the right thing to do.）虽然他是一个孩子，但他知道该做什么。
Fast as you read, you can " t finish the book so soon. 纵然你读得快，你也不能这么快读完这本书。
（3）even if, even though 表示“即使……”，“纵使……”之意。这两个复合连词的意思基本相同。它们常可互换使用，但意义有细微差别。even if引导的让步从句含有强烈的假定性，而even though引导让步状语从句时，是以从句的内容为先决条件的，也就是说，说话人肯定了从句的事实。例如：
We " ll make a trip even if/though the weather is bad. 即使天气不好，我们也要作一次旅行。
Even if he is poor, she loves him. (=He may be poor, yet she loves him.)即使他很穷，但她还是爱他。
Even though he is poor, she loves him. (=He is poor, yet she loves him. )尽管他很穷，但她还是爱她。
（4）whether...or...表示“不论是否……”，“不管是……还是……”之意。由这一个复合连词引导的让步状语从句旨在说明正反两个方面的可能性都不会影响主句的意向或结果。例如：
You " ll have to attend the ceremony whether you " re free or busy. 不管你忙不忙，都要参加这个典礼。
Whether you believe it or not, it " s true.无论你是否相信，这都是真的。
（5）1“no matter+疑问词”或“疑问词-ever”的含义为“……都……；不管……都……”，它们引导的让步状语从句可以互换。2但当引导名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句）时则只能用whatever（whoever，whichever，whenever，etc）。例如：
No matter what happened, he would not mind. (=Whatever happened, he would not mind.)无论发生了什么，他都不会介意的。（让步状语从句）
No matter who you are, you must keep the law.(=Whoever you are, you must keep the law.不管你是谁，你都要遵纪守法。（让步状语从句）
Whatever(=No matter what)you say, I won " t believe you. (Whatever 引导让步状语从句)无论你说什么，我都不会相信你。
I " ll eat whatever(≠no matter what)you give me. (whatever引导宾语从句)你给我吃什么，我就吃什么。
Whoever comes will be welcome. (Whoever 引导主语从句) 不管谁来都受到欢迎。
此外，有时while也可以引导让步状语从句，但一般要位于句首。例如：
While I like the colour, I don " t like the shape.我虽然喜欢那颜色，但不喜欢那形状。
★★★★第六讲： 结果状语从句★★★★
引导结果状语从句的连词有“so…that”“such…that”“so that”“with the result that”.其中so…that和such (a\an)…that中的that在非正式语体中可以省略，这时，that分句之前可用逗号，也可不用逗号。So that引导的目的状语从句常用“may, might, can, could, should”等情态动词，so that前面不用逗号；而so that引导的结果状语从句一般则不用情态动词，并且so that前常有逗号隔开。
He spoke clearly, so that everyone heard.(结果状语从句)
He was such an honest man that everybody trusted him. (结果状语从句)
So bright was the room that the flowers were bright as by day. (结果状语从句)
The room was packed with people, so that we couldn’t get in.(目的状语从句)房间被人封了，目的是不让我们进入。
Everybody lent a hand, so that the work was finished ahead of the schedule. (结果状语从句)
I was in the bath, with the result that I didn’t hear the telephone. (结果状语从句)
such／so…that引导的结果从句 A such是形容词，用于形容词+名词结构之前。Bso是副词，用于副词和不带名词的形容词之前。C 注意：such＋a＋形容词＋名词可由so＋形容词＋a＋名词来代替，所以such a good man可由so good a man来代替。这只能在名词前面有a／an的情况下使用。这种形式不常见，但有时出现在文学作品中。 有时为了表示强调，so位于句首。这时后面跟动词的倒装形式。
A例：They had such a fierce dog that no one dared to go near their house．
他们有一条如此凶猛的狗，以致没人敢靠近他们家。
He spoke for such a long time that people began to fall asleep． 他说了这么长时间，以致在座的人都犯困了。
B例：Their dog was so fierce that no one dared come near it 他们的狗太凶猛了，所以没人敢靠近它。
The snow fell so fast that our footsteps were soon covered up．雪下得这么快，以致我们的脚印很快就被雪盖住了。
His speech went on for so long that people began to fall asleep．他的讲话这么长，以致在座的人都开始犯困了。
注意：但such不能用于much和many之前，所以so可用于后跟名词的much和many之前：
There was so much dust that we couldn’t see what was happening．灰尘太大了，使得我们看不清发生了什么事。
So many people complained that they took the programme off．抱怨的人太多，所以他们取消了那个节目。
C例：So terrible was the storm that whole roofs were ripped off． 暴风真可怕，把整个的屋顶全都刮飞了。
以下是用于非正式文体的用法，that可以省略。That分句之前可用逗号，也可不用逗号。
He was so tired(,)(that) he could hardly stand.他很累几乎走不动了。
Peter is such a good boy(,)(that) he is loved by everybody. peter 是一个好孩子，每个人都喜欢他。
We left in such a hurry(that) we forgot to lock the door. 我们走的很匆忙，结果忘了锁门。
That 引起的结果状语
I must have been blind that I couldn’t see he was so angry with her.我一定是瞎了竟没看出他很生她的气。
What have I done that you should be so angry with me? 我干了些什么，使你如此对我恼火。
I must be getting absent-minded that I forgot to bring ticket. 我一定心不在焉，票也忘记带了。
★★★★第七讲：方式状语从句★★★★
方式状语从句通常由as, （just）as（按照，以…方式）, as…so…, as if, as though引导。
1）as, （just） as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在（just） as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体。例如：
1. Please do exactly as your doctor says.请完全按照你的医生说的去做。
2. As you make your bed, so you must lie in it.自作自受。
3. Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。
4. As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。
5. Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.
正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。
2）as if, as though
1. 两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句当从句所表示的情况是事实或具有很大的可能性时，通常用直陈语气。句子的谓语多为look, seem, taste, smell, sound等。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"。.
例如: It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）
They taste as if they are homemade.品尝起来向是在家里做的。（事实）
It seems as if the boy has lost his way.似乎这个男孩迷路了。（可能性较大）
It looks as if it is going to rain.看起来天要下雨了。（可能性较大）
2. 当从句表示与事实相反，是主观的想象或夸大性的比喻时，常用虚拟语气，从句中的谓语动词用过去时（be动词常用were）.
They completely ignore these facts as if （as though） they never existed.
他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
He looks as if （as though） he had been hit by lighting.
他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
He acted as if he had never lived in England before.他表现地就好像他以前从未在英格兰住过是的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
注意说明（自重）：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语。例如：
He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。
He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。
The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger. 波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒
★★★★第八讲：目的状语从句★★★★
目的状语从句：从句部分是用以补充说明主句中谓语动词发生的目的的。
1. 引导目的状语从句常用的连词有： that（以便），so that（以便）引导的从句只能置于主句的后面， in order that（为了；以便）引导的从句还可以置于句首；从句的谓语常含有may, might, can, could, should, would等情态动词。
2. Lest（免得；唯恐）， for fear that（生怕；以免）；in case引导的目的状语：lest引导的从句一般要用“should+v原”，should也可以省略。In case引导的从句一般要用虚拟语气，也可用陈述语气。它们都有“以防，以免”之意。
You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.你必须大点声说好让大家都听到。
He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it. 他把名字写下来以免忘记。
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. 最好多穿点衣服以防天冷。
Please remind me of it again tomorrow in case I forget.
Say it louder(so)that everyone can hear you. 大声说，以便大家都能听到你。
I am telling you that lest you should make a mistake. 我告诉你这一点，以免你搞错。
People evacuated (撤离)the building lest the wall should collapse.人们从大楼中撤离唯恐墙体坍塌。
3. 在口语中so可以引导目的状语从句。
We'll sit nearer the front so we can hear better. 我们坐的靠前一点，那样我们能听得清楚一点。
4.【注意】in order that与in order to的区别：
in order that+从句 /in order to+动词原形 （ in order to后面加的那个不叫目的状语从句，叫目的状语）
★★★★第九讲：比较状语从句★★★★
比较状语从句经常用于形容词（+名词）和副词的比较：
1. …as 副词/形容词（+名词）as …,用于同级比较，句中第一个as是副词，修饰形容词或副词，第二个as是连词，引导一个有省略成分的比较状语从句。
This book is as interesting as the one you ‘re reading.这本书和你正在读的那本一样有趣。
He is small and weak, but he works as hard as everyone else. 他体弱，矮小，但和其他人一样努力工作。
He is as naughty a boy as Tom Sawyor. 他是一个像汤姆。索耶一样淘气的孩子。
用于否定句时，副词也可以用so:
His brother does not work as/so hard as he does. 他弟弟不像他那么努力工作。
“…as…as…”句型常用于一些比较固定的句型：
The girl is as happy as happy can be. 这姑娘高兴极了。
The boy works as hard as ever/ before. 这小伙子一如既往地努力工作。
I will give you my research result as soon as possible. 我会尽快把我的研究成果给你。
Ali was as great a boxer as any. 阿里是个非常杰出的拳击手。
表示倍数时要使用统计比较句：
The film was not half as interesting as we had expected. 电影还没有我们料想的一半好。
I spent twice as much time as you did finishing my work. 我完成工作花去了两倍于你所用的时间。
也可以用“as many/ much again”表示一倍：
We have collected some money, but we need as much again. 我们已集了一些资，但我们需要两个这么多。
They have found five chairs, but we need as many again. 他们找到了5把椅子，但我们需要10把。
2. “…more/less (形容词/副词)… than…”句型用于优级或劣级比较。Than 是连词，引导有省略的比较状语从句。
It is more expensive but less time-consuming to travel by plane than by train. 乘飞机旅行比乘火车旅行费钱，但省时。
Although he has lived in the States for 30 years, he is more Chinese than American.他虽然已在美国生活了30多年，可还是更具有中国味儿。
He spends more (money) than he earns. 他花的钱比挣的还多。
在同类人、事物中进行比较时，应把自己从比较对象中排除：
Mary is taller than any other girl in her class. 玛丽比班上的其他女孩子都要高。
Mary is taller than anyone else in her class. 玛丽比班上任何同学都要高。
同级比较和优/劣级比较混用时，应注意比较句型的完整性：
This book is as interesting as, if not more than, that one. 这本书如果不比那本书有趣，也是一样有趣。
3. “the more(形容词/副词)…，the more(形容词/副词)…，”递进比较句。前句为比较状语从句，后句为主句。句中“the”是副词，修饰比较级的形容词或副词，表示“愈加”的意思。
The more I read the book, the more interested I get in it. 这本书我愈看愈爱看。
这个句型经常发生省略，从句和主句省略应平衡。
The sooner, the better. 愈快愈好。
The more haste, the less speed. 欲速则不达。
注意：使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题
1. 在时间和条件（有时也在方式、让步等）从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。
We'll go outing if it doesn't rain tomorrow. 如果明天不下雨的话，我们会出去玩。
I'll write to you as soon as I get to Shanghai. 我一到上海就给你写信。
2. 有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句，如果从句的主语与主句主语一致（或虽不一致，是it），从句的谓语又包含动词be，就可省略从句中的“主语 + be”部分。
When (he was) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night.
当他还是个10岁的孩子时，他就不得不夜以继日的工作。
If (you are) asked you may come in.如果你被叫到的话你就可以进入。
If (it is) necessary I'll explain to you again.如果有必要的话，我会向你再解释一遍的。
3. 注意区分不同从句：引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以where为例，能引导多种从句。
You are to find it where you left it.（地点状语从句）你将会在你放它的地方找到它。
Tell me the address where he lives.（定语从句，句中有先行词）告诉我他居住的地址。
I don't know where he came from.（宾语从句）我不知道他从那来的。
Where he has gone is not known yet.（主语从句）他去哪了现在还不清楚。
This place is where they once hid.（表语从句）这个地方他们曾经藏过的地方。
