一、长句难句是如何产生的

1、分支多，短语多

英语句子主干是构成五种基本句型的基础：这五种结构之所以为基本结构，因为这五种结构是构成英语语句子的主干，英语长句都是通过这五种基本结构演变而来的，掌握句子五种基本结构是分析和理解英语句子的基础。

英语句子的特点是除了词可以做句子成分外，短语和句子都可以做句子成分。就算是一个单句，如果都是以短语为句子成分，再加上句子如果分支较多的话，也可以构成比较复杂的句子。

2、分句多，从句多

英语复合句可分为并列复合句与从属复合句。并列复合句是在结构和意思上都可以相互独立的两个或多个单句构成的复合句；从属复合句是一个句子做另外一个句子的句子成分，两个句子不可以相互独立成为句子，如果两个句子拆分会导致句子意思不完整，或句子成分残缺。在英语复合句中特别是从属复合句，从句中还可以有从句或其它并列句，有些复合既有并列句，又有从属句。复合句也是构成英语长句难句的重要原因。

二、长句难句的分析方法

长句难句的分析方法可以概括为：先主句再从句，先主干再分支。先主句再从句就是对有从句的长句难句，先不看从句，先找出句子的主句并分析主句的句子主干，再分析从句；先主干再分枝就是先分析主句与从句的句子主干，再分析句子的分枝，句子的分支主要是指定语和状语。

三、长句难句分析实例

实例1：Shackleton, a onetime British merchant-navy officer who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908, started a business before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography.

本句是含有定语从句的复合句，根据先主句再从句的分析方法，我们先去掉从句（who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908），把句子简化为：Shackleton, a onetime British merchant-navy officer started a business before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography.再根据先主干再分支，把句子分支(主语同位语a onetime British merchant-navy officer，时间状语before his 1914 voyage，目的状语to make money from movie and still photography)都去掉，进一步简化为：Shackleton started a business.那么这个句子的几层意思就很明确了①Shackleton何许人，a onetime British merchant-navy officer who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908②做了什么事，Shackleton started a business③什么时间做的，其目的为何 before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography

实例2：These local citizens now have to balance their traditional self-supporting hunting lifestyle with the lifestyle offered by the modern French Republic, which brings with it not only necessary state welfare, but also alcoholism, betrayal and even suicide.

本句也是含有定语从句的复合句，根据先主句再从句的分析方法，先去掉从句（which brings with it not only necessary state welfare, but also alcoholism, betrayal and even suicide.），再根据先主干再分支，把句子分支（offered by the modern French Republic过去分短语做定语）去掉简化为：These local citizens now have to balance their traditional self-supporting hunting lifestyle with the lifestyle.那么这个句子表达了两层意思：①当地市民得在传统自给自足的狩猎生活与现在生活方式之间找平衡。②法兰西共和国提供给当地市民的现代生活方式带来的不只是国家福利，还有酗酒、背叛甚至自杀。

实例3：Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.

本句含有一个定语从句（which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin），本句的复杂性主要是主句分支较多，主句含有两个状语：than those fed with the milk collected during daytime和according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food，含有多个分词定语given night milk修饰Those；fed with the milk修饰those；collected during daytime修饰 the milk；published in The Journal of Medicinal Food修饰the study。汉语的定语和状语都为前置，而英语定语和状语位置比较灵活，可以后置，所以根据汉语的习惯要倒过来理解：根据发表于医药食品杂志的一项研究，比起用白天收集牛奶喂养的老鼠，那些食用晚上挤的，褪黑激素含量高出10倍的牛奶老鼠的活跃度更低，焦虑更少。

实例4：For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.

本句虽然较长，但句子为单句，根据先主干再分支的原则先找到句子的主干：driving is important 本句分支较多，有三个状语和一个定语：For many older people, particularly those（句子状语）；for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about（句子状语）；without having to rely on others（get out and about的状语）；living alone or in the country（做those的定语）。句子表达了两层意思：①开车很重要；②在哪方面，对于谁来说开车很重要

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