I have not + V-ed ...
结构︰主词＋have／has＋not＋过去分词＋…。
说明︰在<助动词> have（has）的后面加“not”形成<现在完成式>的否定式。
I have not heard from John for a long time. 我好久没有收到约翰的来信了。
She has not read today’s newspaper. 她还没有看今天的报纸。
They have not seen that movie on television. 他们还没看过电视上的那部影片。
There is no + N/V-ing ...
结构︰There＋be＋no／not a／not any＋名词／动名词（＋副词）
说明︰这是表示存在的<否定句>型。否定词用 no，也可用 not a 或 not any。not a 后面跟单数<名词>；not any 跟复数<名词>；no 后面的<名词>单复数都可以。其中以 not a 所表示的否定<语气>较强。如果带有各种<副词>，通常是地点<副词>置于<时间副词>的前面。
There was nothing to buy in the store. There were no shirts, no vests, no jeans, and no pajamas. 那家商店里没什么可买的。那里没有衬衫，没有背心，没有牛仔裤，也没有睡衣。
There was not a moment to be lost. 分秒必争。
There is no denying the fact. 事实决不能否认。
(There must be) No talking in here! 这儿不许讲话。
No smoking (within these walls)! （场内）禁烟！
There is no such + N
结构︰There is no such＋名词
说明︰此句型意为“没有这样的…”。
There was no such club. 没有这样的俱乐部。
There is no such man in our neighborhood. 在我们的邻近没有这样的人。
There is no such book as you want. 没有像你所要的这种书。
I am away from ...
结构︰用肯定的陈述句形式来表达否定意义
说明︰这主要是通过某些含有否定意义的词汇来表示，如：off，out of，far from，away from， refuse 等，以及含有否定意义的词缀的词汇，如：dislike，unhappy，impossible 等。
Mr. Jones is away from Taipei. 琼斯先生已不在台北。
The project is far from perfect. 这项企划很不完美。
The manager is out of the office. 经理不在办公室。
They shun personal fame and gains.他们不计个人名利。(shun 原义为“避开”，引伸为“不要”）
I dislike this student very much. 我顶讨厌这个学生。
... far from ...
结构︰... far from ...
说明︰表“离…很远”，后面接<名词>做<受词>；但 far from 可置于句首做<介系词>，表“非但不…”，以<动名词>做<受词>；若置于 be <动词>之后，则视为<副词>，表“一点也不”，后面接<名词>或<形容词>。
It is far from my intention to do such a thing. 我根本不想做这种事。
I live far away from my school. 我住的地方离学校很远。
Far from working hard, he played around. 他非但不用功，反而到处鬼混。
Far from accepting my advice, he went back on me.他非但不接受我的劝告，反而背叛了我。
His explanation was far from satisfactory. 他的解释一点也不令人满意。
I am far from blaming him. 我并不是在责备他。
Far from losing money, he can hardly count his profits.
他哪里是在赔钱，他几乎无法计算其利润呢！
He is far from well. 他并不健康。
It is far from the truth. 这哪里是事实。
It is free form + N ...
结构︰主词＋be 动词＋free from＋名词…
说明︰此句型意为“没有…”。本<词组>须置于 be <动词>之后，等于 without，以<名词>做其<受词>。
He leads a life (which is) free from care. 他过着无忧无虑的生活。
The hill is completely free from trees. 这个山丘上一棵树也没有。
This city is free from thieves. 这个城市没有盗贼。
When her son returned she was at last free from anxiety.她儿子回来了，她总算解除了忧虑。
I told him not to go.
结构︰…not＋非述语成分
说明︰本<句型>的述语是肯定形式，not 加在句中其他成分上，可以否定<主词>、<受词>或<副词>。 not 用以否定非述语成分，主要是用在两种情形：一是不这样安排 not，就会改变句子的意义；二是用于含有对比的叙述中。
I told him not to go. 我告诉了他，叫他不要去。
He goes to school not by bus, but on foot. 他去上学不是乘公共汽车，而是走路去的。
Not a contract was to be signed. 连一个合同也没签。
The teacher told him not to make such a mistake again. 老师叫他不要再犯这样的错误。
I went to see my friend off, not to meet him. 我是去送朋友，不是去接他。
He felt sorry for not coming to the meeting on time. 他为没有准时到会感到很抱歉。
No + N + V ...
结构︰No＋单数名词＋肯定式动词…
说明︰此句型意为“没有一…”。此<句型>“No＋<名词>”的 No 是“Not a（没有一个）”之意，有时“No＋<名词>”是“No＋other＋<名词>”之意。
No animal of the horoscope is considered dumb or ugly or evil.
天宫图上的动物没有一种被认为是愚笨的或丑陋的或邪恶的。
No student in this school is from the southern part of Taiwan.
这个学校没有一个学生是来自南台湾的。
No grammar book is more popular than this one with senior high school students.
没有（别的）一本文法书比这一本更受高中生的欢迎。
I don’t think ...
结构︰主词＋否定式动词＋副词／that-子句
说明︰如果否定的是后面的<副词>或<子句>，通常是将否定词提前移到述语中去，其意义仍然是表示否定后面的部分。像 I think，I believe，I suppose，I feel，I see 等词语引出否定的<子句>时，大多是将 not 放在述语<动词>部分。在口语中，尤其是这样。
I don’t think it’s right to make such a hasty decision.我认为如此仓促地做出决定是不正确的。
I don’t think this is worth trying. 我看这是不值得一试的。
Many people don’t think it is dangerous to go mountain climbing.很多人认为爬山并不危险。
I still don’t see the point you emphasized. 我仍然弄不清楚你所强调的要点。
I don’t see any point of playing video games all day.我看不出整天打电动玩具有什么意义。
I don’t believe that he will come tonight. 我认为他今晚不会来。
I’m not feeling very well today, I can’t attend the meeting.
我今天感到不怎么舒服，我不能参加会议了。
He did not come here in order to attend the meeting. 他来这里决不是要参加会议的。
All is not ...
结构︰all／both／every…＋not…
说明︰此句型意为“并非一切…都是”。含有全体意义的<代名词>和<副词>如 all，every（及其派生词）， both，always，altogether，entirely，wholly 等，用于否定结构时不是表示全部被否定，而只表示其中的一部分被否定。也可将 not 置于 all，every 等词的前面。
All is not gold that glitters. (=All that glitters is not gold.) 闪闪发光者并非都是金子。
Not all the students study hard. 并非所有的学生都用功念书。
I don’t know all of them. 我并不都认识他们。
The rich are not always happy. 富人未必一定幸福。
A kind man is not always patient. 心肠好的人未必总是有耐心。
His deeds do not always agree with his words. 他的言行并非总是一致。
Nobody can always have good luck. 没有人始终能够有好运。
A wise man doesn’t know everything. 智者并非每一件事都懂。
Every one cannot become businessman. 不是所有的人都能成为商人。
Such a product is not found everywhere. 这样的产品不是随处可以找到的。
Not both of his sisters agree to his suggestion. 他两个姊姊并未都同意他的提议。
Both items are not fashionable. 两个品种并不都很时髦。
I don’t like both of them. 他们两人我并不都喜欢。
Not both the artists have a keen eye for beauty. 这两位艺术家并非都有审美的眼光。
Not both Peter and John enjoy music. 并非彼得与约翰都喜欢音乐。
He doesn’t wholly agree to the plan. 他并不完全同意这项计划。
... not necessarily ...
结构︰... not necessarily ...
说明︰此句型意为“未必是…”。not necessary 是"不必要的"。
The name of a restaurant won’t necessarily tell you much about the food it serves.
餐厅的名字未必能告诉你很多它所供应的食物。
A good book does not necessarily sell well. 好书未必畅销。
This is not necessarily the best. 这未必是最好的。
Learned men are not necessarily wise. 博学者未必都是聪明的。
A hero is not necessarily one who has done brave things. 英雄未必是做过勇敢之事的人。
The strongest man does not necessarily live the longest. 最强壮的人未必活得最久。
No/none ... + V ...
结构︰no／none 等否定词＋肯定式动词…
说明︰本<句型>表示全体否定。否定词 no，none，nobody，nothing，nowhere，nohow，neither， never 等本身就是绝对的否定意义，<动词>虽是肯定形式，但整个句子仍表达否定的意义，常译做“任何…都不”，“大家都不…”，“全都没有…”，“任何时候都不…”，“无论何处都不…”等。这些否定词引导的词组大多做<主词>，也可做<受词>和<副词>。
No buyers can buy this sort of product. 任何买主都不能购买这种产品。
Neither of my parents enjoys music. 我父母都不喜欢音乐。
I like neither of the designs. (=I don’t like either of the designs.)这两个花样我都不喜欢。
None of the three is a good student (are good students). 这三人都不是好学生。
Nothing worth doing is easy. 值得做的事没有容易做的。
Nothing is impossible to a willing mind. 有志的人没有做不到的事。
Nothing is changeless. 没有一成不变的东西。
Nobody is without faults. 没有人是没有缺点的。
He never gets up early. 他从未早起过。
The book is nowhere to be had. 这本书什么地方都买不到。
All + V + un...
结构︰all／both／every 等＋肯定式动词＋含否定意义的单词…
说明︰此句型意为“一切…都不”。all，every 等词在本句型中表示全部否定,其否定意义不是通过述语 <动词>，而是通过句子其他成分中含有否定意义的单词表达出来的。
All goods here are unsaleable. 这里的一切货物都是卖不出去的。
All his plan came to nothing. 他的一切计划都没有实现。
Every selling plan made by him is impossible of execution.
他所做的一切销售计划都是不能实现的。
We all disbelieved what he promised. 对于他的许诺我们全都不相信。
Their quarrels about the trivia are always interminable. 他们对琐事的争吵总是没完没了。
... not ..., neither ...
结构︰（前句）否定句，＋（后句）nor／neither＋肯定式动词＋主词…
说明︰后句是补充的否定，因为以 no，neither 开头，所以要采用倒装句构。
She has no experience in typing, nor does the skill interest her.
她没有打字经验，那种技术也引不起她的兴趣。
You can’t cancel the contract, nor can I, nor can anybody else.
你不能撤约，我也不能，任何人都不能。
The first isn’t good, and neither is the second. 第一个不是好的，第二个也不好。
You did not see the teacher, neither did I. 你没有看见老师，我也没有。
... not ... still ...
结构︰主词＋否定式动词…＋much less／still less＋名词词组／子句
说明︰much less 或 still less 引导的<词组>或<子句>，表示一种追加的否定。less 是由 little 的否定意义而来的，所以只能用于<否定句>，一般译做“更无；更不”。
She cannot buy daily necessities, much less luxuries.
她连生活必需品都不能买，更不用说奢侈品。
He can hardly run a mile, much less the marathon.他连一哩都跑不了，更不用说马拉松了。
I did not even see him, still less talk with him.我看也没看见他，更不用说跟他谈过话了。
..., to say nothing of ...
结构︰主词＋否定式动词…；＋to say nothing of＋名词（子句）
说明︰此句型意为“更不用说；更不待言”。to say nothing of 可用 not to speak of，not to mention等代替。
He does not know English, to say nothing of German or French.
他不懂英文，更不要说德文和法文了。
At that time they could not produce ordinary garments, not to speak of high-grade ones.
那时他们连普通衣服都不能生产，更不要说高级的了。
We can’t afford a car, not to mention the fact that we have no garage.
我们买不起汽车，没有车库的事就更不必说了。
It hardly/scarcely + V ...
结构︰主词＋hardly／scarcely＋动词…
说明︰此句型意为“…几乎不…”。这是通过 hardly 等半否定词表示的<否定句>。此类半否定词还有： scarcely，seldom，little，few，rarely 等。
It hardly (scarcely) matters. 没有什么关系。
I have hardly ever been out of this city. 我几乎未曾离开过这个城市。
Justice was hardly done but someone complained (=without someone’s complaining).
要达到没有人认为不公平的公平是很难的。
We seldom buy this sort of goods. 我们很少买这种货。
Seldom seen, soon forgotten. 少见则易忘；别久则情疏。
Little remains to be talked about. 简直没什么可谈的了。
... seldom or never ...
结构︰…seldom or never…
说明︰此句型意为“几乎不…；简直不…”。也可用“little or nothing”。
She seldom or never reads a book. 她简直不看书。
People seldom or never bought silk garments a few years ago.
几年前，人们几乎是不买丝绸服装的。
I saw little or nothing of him after graduation. 毕业后我几乎没有看见过他。
She bought little or nothing in this shop. 她在这家店里几乎没买过东西。
I can’t ...
结构︰主词＋否定式动词…＋否定词／含否定意义的词…
说明︰此句型意为“无…不…；没有…不…”。这是双重<否定句>型。也可译做肯定句。本<句型>的<动词>是否定式，所以<主词>不能用否定<代名词>。英语的习惯用法是否定<代名词>后面不能再用否定式<动词>。
You can’t make something out of nothing. 巧妇难为无米之炊。
What’s done cannot be undone. 已经做了的事后悔也无用。
He has never dissatisfied with this plan. 他从来没有对计划表示不满。
No one wanted to + V ...
结构︰No one（Nobody）＋ wanted（liked）to＋原形动词…。
说明︰此句型意为“没有人想要（喜欢）…”。nobody（无一人）与 no one（无一人）同义，仅限用于“人”，但是 nobody 更具口语化；nobody（或 no one）如当<主词>，后面接单数<动词>。
No one wanted to buy small oranges. 没有人想买小柳橙。
No one liked to have trouble. 没有人想碰到麻烦。
No one wanted to listen to a madman. 没有人想听疯子讲话。
... no ... without + N
结构︰…never／not／no…＋without＋名词／动名词
说明︰此句型意为“每…必然…；没有…就没有…”。这是双重<否定句>。有时译成“没有…而不…”；“每一次…都…”。
I cannot see this picture without thinking of my father.看到这幅画使我不能不想起我父亲。
I never see him without feeling like crying. 我每次见到他就想哭。
He never helps me without trying to take advantage of me. 他每次帮我都想占我便宜。
He never visits me without asking about our old friends.
他每次来访必然问起我们昔日的朋友。
The president of their company never makes a promise without intending to keep it.
他们公司的董事长每次许诺必然会遵守诺言。
He never went to the bookstore without buying some books.
他没有一次到书店而不买一些书。
They never met without smiling at each other. 他们每一次相遇都彼此微笑。
I never speak English without making mistakes. 我没有一次说英语而不犯错的。
Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm.
没有一件伟大的事情可以达成而没有热诚。
No gains without pains. 不劳则无获。
No one can succeed without working hard. 没有人能够成功而不努力。
No one can live without breathing. 没有一个人可以不呼吸而生存。
No prisoner escaped from the prison without being seen.
没有一个囚犯逃离这个监狱而不被看到。
never ... but ...
结构︰never…＋but＋主词＋动词
说明︰此句型意为“每…必然…”。but 在此是<连接词>，引导<副词子句>。本句构的 but 相当于 if…not…。
It never rains but it pours. 一下雨就倾盆而降－－祸不单行。
I never look at the stars but I think how little I am.我每次看星星必然会想自己是多么渺小。
She never reads a book but she goes to sleep. 她一看书就想睡觉。
He never goes on a vacation but he takes his pet dog. 他每次度假都会带他的狗去。
I never see him but I am happy. 我看到他就高兴。
He never goes out but he drops in at that bookstore.
他每次外出都会顺道去那家书店待一会儿。
I never fail to + V ...
结构︰主词＋never fail to＋原形动词
说明︰此句型意为“必定会…；一定会…”。fail 因包含“失败”的否定意义，故也属双重否定。
She never fails to write to her parents every month. 她每个月一定写信给她的父母亲。
He never failed to send the ambassador a report each week. 他每个礼拜必送报告给大使。
A good teacher never fails to try his best to answer his students.
一个好老师总是尽力为学生解答。
He is eloquent and humorous as well. What he says never fails to please us.
他口才好又幽默，他所说的一定能使我们高兴。
I cannot but + V ...
结构︰主词＋cannot＋but／choose but／help but＋原形动词
说明︰此句型意为“不得不…”。but 后只能跟原形<动词>。
I cannot but admire his wise plan. 我不得不赞美他的计划。
They cannot (choose) but admit that our requirement is reasonable.
他们不得不承认我们的要求是合理的。
I could not (help) but laugh. 我不禁笑出来。
It is not uncommon for ...
结构︰It is not uncommon for＋名词＋to-不定词…
说明︰此句型意为“…并非不常见”。not uncommon 是双重否定，表肯定。it 是虚<主词>。
It is not uncommon for parents to put a newborn in a separate room.
父母把新生儿放在分隔的房间并非不常见。
It is not uncommon for women to smoke in public. 妇女在大众面前抽烟并非不常见。
It is not uncommon for people to jaywalk. 人们任意穿越马路并非不常见。
I am anything but ...
结构︰主词＋be 动词＋anything but＋名词／形容词…
说明︰此句型意为“绝非…”。等于 far from。后面跟<名词>或<形容词>做 be <动词>的<补语>。
He is anything but a scholar. 他绝非学者。
He is anything but diligent. 他一点也不勤奋。
The man was anything but rich. 这人绝不是个富翁。
He was anything but a hero. 他绝不是一个英雄。
It is anything but complete. 这并未完成。
Climbing Mt. Everest is anything but a pleasure trip. 登圣母峰绝不是一次轻松的旅途。
His visit to Paris was anything but a success. 他的巴黎之行根本不成功。
I am in no way ...
结构︰主词＋动词＋含否定意义的词组（in no way／by no means 等）…
说明︰此类<词组>有 in no way，by no means，in no wise，on no account 等，译为“决不；毫不”。如因强调而置于句首，则要采用倒装句构。
I am in no way to blame. 我一点也没错。
It is by no means easy to satisfy everyone. 要满足每一个人绝非易事。
He will in no wise give up any chances to get a better job.
他不会放弃任何机会以获得一份好工作。
On no account (do you) forget to lock the door. 千万别忘了锁门。
I am not in the least ...
结构︰主词＋be 动词＋not＋in the least…
说明︰此句型意为“一点也不…”。
I am not in the least tired. 我一点也不疲倦。
He is not in the least kind. 他心肠一点都不好。
I was not surprised in the least. 我一点也不感到惊讶。
The shop assistant was not in the least afraid of the trouble. 那店员一点也不怕麻烦。
I am no + N ...
结构︰... no＋名词…
说明︰no 通常当形容词，后面须接名词；no的后面不可紧接a，an，any，many，much等字。
We feel that life is no laughing matter. 我们觉得人生绝非是开玩笑的事情。
Mr. Chen used no (didn’t use any) chemicals on his fruit. 陈先生的水果不使用农药。
Tony used no reference books in class. 托尼上课时不使用参考书。
It is no joke. 这绝非是开玩笑。
This is no fact. 这绝非是事实。
That’s no lie! 那绝不是谎话！
He is no writer. 他绝不是作家。
Tom is no coward. 汤姆绝不是懦夫。
no + N + in the world ...
结构︰…否定词＋名词＋in the world／on earth…
说明︰此<句型>中否定词与<名词>结合的<词组>可以是<主词>，也可以是<受词>或其他句子成分；in the world，on earth，all 等大范围词语一般作<形容词>或<副词>用。
There will be no difficulty in the world that they cannot overcome.
世界上任何困难他们都可以克服。
This is a market condition no force on earth can change.这一市场情况任何力量也改变不了。
He was not all confused. 他一点儿也不胡涂。
It is of no value at all. 那是毫无价值的。
I’m the world’s worst businessman. 我最不会做生意。
I am the last man to ...
结构︰主词＋be 动词＋the last＋名词＋to-不定词／子句
说明︰此句型意为“绝不可能是…；最不像是…”。<子句>是以 that 做<关系代名词>所引导的<形容词子句>。
A plane crash was the last thing that we had expected. 我们绝对没有想到飞机会出事。
This is the last place where I expected to meet you. 我绝没想到会在这里遇见你。
He is the last man to do such a thing. 他绝不可能会做这种事。
Mick is the last man to break his word. 迈克绝不是不守承诺的人。
He is the last man (that) I want to see now. 他是我现在最不愿见到的人。
You were the last man (that) I had dreamed of meeting here.
那天我万万没有料到会在这里遇到你。
He is the last man to accept a bribe. 他绝不像是会接受贿赂的人。
I cannot ... too ...
结构︰cannot…too＋形容词／副词
说明︰此句型意为“再…也不为过；愈…愈好”。也可用“cannot＋<动词>＋too much”或“cannot…＋too many／much＋<可数名词>／<不可数名词>”。
You cannot be too careful when driving a car. 开车时愈小心愈好。
I cannot thank enough for your kindness. 我再怎么感谢你的好意也不为过。
We cannot emphasize too much the importance of learning English.
我们再怎样强调学英文的重要性也不为过。
It is wrong to think that one cannot make too many friends.
认为一个人交愈多朋友愈好是错的。
He thinks it right that one cannot make too much money.他认为一个人赚再多的钱也不为过。
You cannot study too hard. 你愈用功愈好。
One cannot be too careful in choosing friends. 择友愈谨慎愈好。
You cannot quit smoking too soon. 你愈早戒烟愈好。
too + ADJ + for ...
结构︰too＋形容词＋for＋(代)名词
说明︰此句型意为“太…而不适宜／而不能…"。相当于“too＋<形容词>＋to-<不定词>”。
It is still too cold for farming. 气候还是太冷而不适宜农耕。
You are too young for marriage. 你太年轻了，还不能结婚。
The scenery is too beautiful for words. 风景优美，非文字所能形容。
The book is too difficult for most senior high school students.
这本书太难而不适合大多数的高中生。
Servings in restaurants are too large for many people.
餐厅里端出来的食物对许多人来说量是太多了。
The skirt is too long for you. 这条裙子对你来说是太长了。
This room is too large for us. 对我们而言，这间屋子太大了。
He is too tired to walk anymore. 他累得再也走不动了。
She walked too slowly to catch up with us. 她走得太慢，跟不上我们。
... no exception ...
结构︰主词＋be 动词＋no exception
说明︰此句型意为“…也不例外”。
Almost every language in the world has dialects and American English is no exception.
世界上几乎每种语言都有方言，美国话也不例外。
The poor need love and the rich are no exception. 贫穷的人需要爱，有钱的人也不例外。
Plants can not live without the sun and animals are no exception.
植物没有太阳不能活，动物也不例外。
I have no idea ...
结构︰主词＋have no idea…
说明︰此句型意为“不知道…”。
We have no idea how the birds find their way. 我们不知道这些鸟如何找到它们的路。
I have no idea why he resigned his post. 我不知道他为何辞去他的职务。
We have no idea how to persuade him to give up the idea.
我们不知道如何说服他放弃这个念头。
I care nothing about ...
结构︰主词＋care nothing about…
说明︰此句型意为“一点也不关心…；毫不在乎…”。
My friends were all boys who cared nothing about studying.
我的朋友都是男生，他们一点也不关心读书。
Do you really care nothing about your future? 你真的一点也不关心你的将来？
I cared nothing about what they said of me. 我毫不在乎他们对我怎么说。
I do not care what ...
结构︰主词＋do not care＋疑问词（what／whether／…）＋主词＋动词
说明︰此句型意为“…不在乎…”。
He does not care whether he wins or loses. 他不在乎是否他赢或输。
I do not care what you will say about me. 我不在乎你们会说我什么。
She does not care whether you like her or not. 她不在乎你是否喜欢她。
I can’t bear to ...
结构︰主词＋can’t bear＋to-不定词／动名词
说明︰此句型意为“忍受不了／不忍…”。bear 后可跟<不定词>或<动名词>。
His suspense became so great that he couldn’t bear to look out the window.
他的疑虑变得这样大，所以他忍受不了往窗外看。
I can’t bear to see him treated like that. 我不忍见到他受到那样的对待。
I can’t bear being called “Fool”. 我忍受不了被叫做“傻瓜”。
... make no sense ...
结构︰主词＋make no／much／little sense…
说明︰此句型意为“…有（没有／很有／很少有）意义”。通常用于否定或疑问。
It didn’t make much sense to Galileo to have different rules for motion on earth and in space.
对伽利略来说，地球上和太空中有不同的运动法则是没有多大意义。
His argument does not make sense. 他的争论没有意义。
Does it make sense to let children play with matches? 让小孩玩火柴有意义吗？
... and ...
结构︰主词＋动词…＋and＋动词…。
说明︰and 当“和；并且；而”解，它常含有“结果”的意味；由 and 所连接的两个单字，须用相同的词性。
They can visit many places and see many things.他们可以参观许多地方并且看到许多事物。
You can stay at home and watch TV. 你可以待在家里并且看电视。
We will get up early and do some housework. 我们将早起并且做点家务。
... or ...
结构︰主词＋动词…＋or＋动词＋…。
说明︰or 当“或者”解，含有“选择”的意味；由 or 所连接的两个单字，须用“相同的词性”。
They will go to the zoo or play volleyball. 他们要去动物园或打排球。
He can drive his car to work or go by bus. 他可以自己驾车上班或乘公交车。
We will play sports or go on a picnic. 我们将做户外运动或去野餐。
... but ...
结构︰主词＋动词…，＋but＋主词＋动词＋…。
说明︰but 当“但是；然而”解，它含有“相反；对比”的意味；由 but 所连接的两个单字须用“相同的词性”。
I went to bed late, but I got up early. 我晚睡但是早起。
It doesn’t rain a lot in fall, but it rains a lot in spring. 秋天不下很多雨，但春天下很多雨。
He caught a cold yesterday, but he went to school today.他昨天得了感冒，但今天去上学了。
A＋Positive，but B＋Negative
结构︰A（主词）＋肯定（或否定）…，but＋B（主词）＋否定（或肯定）…。
说明︰此句型意为“A…，但是 B 不…（或：A 不…，但是 B…）”。but 是<连接词>，用于表示“相反”或“对比”，故 but 可连接一个肯定<子句>与一个否定<子句>；本句型中 <助动词>要与一般<动词>的<时态>相一致。
Mr. Collins was tired, but Mr. Smith wasn’t. 柯林斯先生累了，但是史密斯先生不累。
It won’t hurt you, but chemicals will. 它不会伤害你，但是农药会。
Mr. Chen knows this, but other people don’t. 陈先生知道这件事，但是别人不知道。
He made more money, but I didn’t. 他赚了更多的钱，但是我没有。
My sister eats natural foods every day, but I don’t.我妹妹每天都吃天然食品，但是我不吃。
... when/as/while ...
结构︰主要子句＋when／as／while＋子句
说明︰此句型意为“当…时”。when 引导的<子句>，不仅说明一般时间，而且可以表示与<主要子句>同时或提前的动作时间。两个<动词>常用现在式。as 所表示的同时意义更突出一些，语意更强一些；while 多指动作的过程，时间范围较大一些。<连接词> while 后面的<主词>，如果与<主要子句>的<主词>相同时，while 后面的<主词>与 be <动词>可以省略，如例句8。
When I got there, they were having a negotiation. 我到那里时，他们正谈判。
When I called, Tom was having dinner. 当我打电话时，汤姆正在吃晚饭。
When I met Jill, she was talking to a young man.当我遇到吉尔时，她正在和一个年轻人说话。
When I entered the room, everyone was laughing loudly.
当我走进房间时，每个人都在大声地笑。
When you walk into the room, the lights turn on by themselves.
每当你走入这房间，电灯自己就打开。
The customer laughed as he spoke. 客户边谈边笑。
Work while you work, and rest while you rest. 工作的时候工作，休息的时候休息。
While she was reading in the room (=While reading in the room), she heard John call her.
当她在房间里看书时，她听见约翰在叫她。
... before/after ...
结构︰主要子句＋before／after＋子句
说明︰此句型意为“…之前／之后”。<主要子句>的动作发生在<子句>动作之前或之后。before 引导的<子句>不可用否定式。
You must send some sample to the customer before you go abroad.
在你出国之前，应该先寄给客户一些样品。
After you think it over, please let me know by fax. 你仔细考虑过之后，请用传真相告。
What do you want to do after you have concluded this transaction?
这笔生意成交之后你想做什么？
... because/as/since ...
结构︰主要子句＋because／as／since＋子句
说明︰此句型意为“…因为…”。because 作“因为”解释，是<连接词>，它后面所引导的<子句>，叫做“<从属子句>”。<主要子句>前切不可加 so；<从属子句>可放在<主要子句>后，但为了强调，可放在<主要子句>前。
I didn’t like it because it was noisy. 我不喜欢它因为很吵闹。
His boss looked at him coldly because he made several big mistakes.
他的老板冷漠地看着他因为他犯了几个大错误。
John lives happily because he uses his time well to study.
约翰生活得快乐因为他善用他的时间学习。
As rain has fallen, the goods cannot be shipped. 因为下了雨，货物不能装运了。
Since you insist, I must amend the letter of credit. 既然你坚持，我就只好修改信用证。
... in that ...
结构︰主要子句＋in that／seeing（that）／considering（that）＋子句
说明︰此句型意为“…因为…”。注意，in that 中的 that 不能省去。
He didn’t attend the negotiation in that he was ill. 他因为有病，没有参加谈判。
I’d like to accept this item, seeing (that) the price is reasonable.
我愿意接受此品种，因为价格合理。
We agree to postpone the shipping date, considering (that) there is no steamer recently.
由于（考虑到）最近无船，我们同意推迟装期。
..., so ...
结构︰前句，＋so／therefore／thus／hence＋后句
说明︰此句型意为“…所以…”。so 是正式的<连接词>，其他都是<副词>作<连接词>用。
He is ill, so he cannot attend the negotiation. 他病了，所以他不能来参加谈判。
He was very tired, and therefore he didn’t give the market report.
他非常疲倦，所以没能作市场报告。
It was already rather late, thus we decide to urge the customer.
已经相当晚了，所以我们决定催促客户。
... and/or/or else ...
结构︰祈使句＋and／or／or else…
说明︰and 译成“那么”，用于表一致的概念；or 译成“否则”，用于表相反的概念。“命令句＋ and”等于“If ...”，意为“得…，这么一来才能…”；“命令句＋or”等于“Unless ...”，意为“得…要不然…”；or 也可用 or else 取代。
Study hard, and you’ll pass the exam. 要用功，那么你才会考及格。
Study hard, or you’ll fail (in) the exam. 要用功，否则你会考不及格。
Make haste, and you’ll be in time for class. 动作快一点，你才赶得及上课。
Make haste, or you’ll miss the first train. 快一点，要不然就赶不上第一班火车了。
Stop smoking now, or else your health will be ruined.别再抽烟了，否则你会毁了自己的健康。
one more N, and ...
结构︰数量名词（one，two，three…）＋more＋名词，＋and…
说明︰此句型意为“再…，就…”。and 连接<主要子句>。
One more effort, and you will get to the top. 再加点油，你就可以到达顶端了。
Two more days, and I can finish the work. 再过两天，我就能完成这份工作。
One more step, and you’ll be killed. 再走一步，你就会没命。
A few more days, and the company will be on the verge of bankruptcy.
再过几天，这家公司就将濒临破产的边缘。
There be N and N
结构︰There＋be＋名词＋and＋名词
说明︰此句型意为“有各色各样的…”。<名词>通常用复数。
There’s always weather and weather. 老是有各种各样的天气。
There are men and men. 有各式各样的男人。
There are actors and actors. 有各式各样的演员。
A + be ..., and B ...
结构︰主词1＋be＋…，and＋主词2＋（be）…
说明︰<主词>2之后的 be <动词>往往省略。
There midnight’s all a glimmer and noon (is) a purple glow.
那儿午夜浮光微摇，中午紫光争耀。
His critics are many and his admirers (are) few. 他的批评者多，而赞美者少。
The girls are skating and the boys (are) watching. 这些女孩在溜冰，而这些男孩在观看。
It is true ..., but ...
结构︰It is true that…，but…
说明︰此句型意为“…是事实，但…”。but 前后所连接的部分或<子句>意义相反或成为对比。本<句型>与 though <子句>所表现的意思完全相同。也可用“Indeed (that) ..., but ...”。
It is true that these changes take a long time, but not as long as we might expect.
这些变化需要一些长的时间是事实，但不像我们所可能预期的那样久。
It is true that he stole the bicycle, but he is not so bad as you might think.
他偷脚踏车是事实，但他并不像你所想的那样坏。
It is true that he is rich, but he must know money is not everything.
他有钱是事实，但他必须知道钱不是一切。
It is true that Japan is a beautiful country, but its big cities are lately polluted.
日本的确是个美丽的国家，但最近日本的大都市已被污染。
Indeed he has a solemn face, but he is very humorous at heart.
他的确有一副严肃的脸孔，但内心却是很富幽默感。
no one ... but ...
结构︰no one／every／who／what…＋but…
说明︰用在 no one，none，nobody，nothing，all，every，以及 who，what 等疑问词之后的 but 的含义是“除…而外”，是<连接词>，后接的<代名词>可用主格或受格。
No one replied but me. 除我而外没有人回答。
Nobody was late but you and me. 除了你我而外，没有人迟到。
Nothing but disaster would come from such a plan.此一计划除了导致失败而外将一无所获。
He did nothing but eat and sleep all day. 他整天吃饭、睡觉，什么事都不做。
It is nothing but a joke. 这不过是个笑话而已。
Mother thought of nothing but my coming home. 母亲只想到我要回家的事。
All the boys but one are here. 除了一个而外男孩子全都到了。
Who but he would act such? 除了他还有谁会有这样的行为？
What should I find but an enormous spider! 我居然发现了一只巨大的蜘蛛！
Who should come in but his first wife! 进来的居然是他的第一任太太！
... all but ...
结构︰... all but ...
说明︰后面跟<名词>，but 相当于 except，表“除了…以外都”。若后面跟<形容词>、<副词>、<动词>，则表“几乎”的意思。
He is the chairman of the committee in all but the name.
除了没挂名以外，实际上他就是委员会的主席。
All but the morning star have disappeared. 除掉金星以外其他的星星全都消失了。
The car all but ran over him. 车子几乎把他撵过去。
He was all but killed by the traffic accident. 他几乎死于车过。
... not ... but ...
结构︰主词＋动词＋not…but…
说明︰此句型意为“不是…而是…”。“not ... but ...”为对等<连接词词组>，可连接对等的单字、<词组>或<子句>；连接<主词>时，<动词>要随最近的<主词>做变化。
They will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.
他们所受到的论断不是他们的肤色，而是他们的品格的内涵。
What I admire is not what you have, but what you are.
我所羡慕的不是你所拥有的东西，而是你的为人。
It is not your fault, but mine. 这不是你的过错，而是我的过错。
Not I but he is responsible for it. 不是我，而是他该负责任。
Not father but mother was present at the ceremony. 不是父亲而是母亲出席此一仪式。
Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more.
不是我比较不喜欢西泽，而是我更喜欢罗马。
He regarded me not as his friend, but as the best man for the job.
他并非把我当朋友，而是当最适合这工作者。
... no other than ...
结构︰主词＋be＋no／none＋other＋than／but…
说明︰此句型意为“…不是别人，正是…”。than 在此处并非连接<比较级>之用，而是当“除…外”解，but与 than 相当，也作“除外”解，后面跟强调的人。
This is no other than my old friend, John. 这位不是别人，正是我的老朋友约翰。
The young man sitting at the desk was none other than our new teacher.
坐在办公桌那儿的那个年轻人正是我们新来的老师。
The tall figure that you saw was none other than our manager.
你所见的那位身材魁梧的先生不是别人正是我们的经理。
As a top manager, he should appoint none but people on their merit.
作为一位总经理，他应该任人为贤。
... nothing else than ...
结构︰主词＋be＋nothing＋else than／less than／（else）but…
说明︰此句型意为“…不是别的，而是…”。本<句型>强调的是物。
His failure in this transaction was due to nothing else than his own carelessness.
他在这笔交易中的失利完全是由于他自己的粗心大意。
The present market situation is nothing else than fine. 目前市场形势是最好不过的了。
What we expected is nothing less than a timely payment. 及时付款正是我们所盼望的。
This transaction is nothing less than a miracle. 这笔交易完全是一个奇迹。
What I need is nothing but a sample. 我需要的不过是一件样品而已。
His condition is nothing but a little discount. 他的条件不过是一点折让。
... not so ... but ...
结构︰…not＋so／such＋形容词／副词＋but…
说明︰此句型意为“还没有到不能…的程度”，引申为“尽管…还是”。此处的 but 相当于“that ... not”。
I am not such a fool but I can solve the problem. 我虽不才，还是能解决这一问题。
The quality is not so poor but it is acceptable. 质量虽差，但仍能接受。
He is not so sick but he can attend a class. 他尽管有病，还是可以上课。
not only ... but also ...
结构︰主词＋not merely／not only…but（also）…
说明︰此句型意为“不仅／不但…而且…”。not only…but also 称为“<对等连接词>”，所连接的两个单字，须用相同的词性。如果连接两个<动词>时，前后的时式要一致；如用于连接两个<主词>时，重点在第二个<主词>，因此<动词>须与第二个<主词>一致。若连接对等的<主要子句>，而由 not merely，not only 开头，则要用倒装形式。
Mary not only cleaned the room but (also) washed the window.
玛丽不但清扫房间而且也洗刷窗子。
The hamburger not only smells good but (also) tastes delicious.
这只汉堡包不但气味好闻而且味道好吃。
He is famous not only for his talent but (also) for his kindness.
他不仅以才能出名，而且是出名的好心。
Not only you but (also) I am to blame. 不仅你，连我都要受责难。
Not only did the dog bark at him, but (it) bit him. 这只狗不但对他吠叫，而且咬了他。
Not only is she beautiful, but she is (also) kind. 她不仅漂亮，而且善良。
His job is not only to dispose of problems but (also) to meet unexpected challenges.
他的工作不仅要处理难题而且也要应付突来的挑战。
either ... or ...
结构︰either ... or ...
说明︰此句型意为“要不…就是…”。可连接对等的单字、<词组>或<子句>；连接<主词>时，<动词>要随最近的 <主词>做变化。
Can you speak either English or French? 你会说英语或法语吗？
Either you or he has made the mistake. 不是你，就是他弄错了。
Either he or I am to blame. 不是他就是我该受责备。
Either you are wrong, or I am. 不是你错，就是我错了。
Either your answer or mine is wrong. 不是你的答案错了，就是我的错了。
Either we will find a supply, or we will make the goods.我们或是寻求供货，或者自己制造。
Tom is going to buy either a guitar or a piano.汤母不是要买一把吉他就是要买一架钢琴。
neither ... nor ...
结构︰neither ... nor ...
说明︰此句型意为“既非…也非…”。可连接对等的单字、<词组>或<子句>；连接<主词>时，<动词>要随最近的 <主词>做变化。
Neither he nor I was able to understand her. 既不是我也不是他能够了解她。
Neither you nor I am wrong. 你也好，我也好，都没错。
In my opinion, neither you nor he has met the standard.在我看来，你跟他都没有达到标准。
I neither expressed surprise at the price nor attempted to accept it.
我对于这个价格既没有表示惊异，也没想接受。
We are going to play neither basketball nor volleyball.我们既不将打篮球也不将打排球。
both ... and ...
结构︰both ... and ...
说明︰此句型意为“二者皆；和”。这是对等<连接词词组>，可连接对等的单字、<词组>和<子句>；若连接<主词>时，<动词>一定为复数形。
I work both on sunny days and on rainy ones. 我风雨无阻地工作。
That actress is both skillful and beautiful. 那位女演员演技精湛又长得漂亮。
He is known both as a painter and as a statesman. 他是知名的画家及政治家。
He succeeded both because he was industrious and because he had many friends to help him.
他的成功是由于勤勉和许多朋友的帮助。
Both he and I are satisfied with the result. 我和他对结果都很满意。
Helen ordered both fried chicken and salad in the fast-food restaurant.
海伦在快餐店里点了炸鸡和色拉。
... as well as ...
结构︰... as well as ...
说明︰此句型意为“既…又…”。这是对等<连接词词组>，可连接对等的单字、<词组>和<子句>；若连接<主词>时，<动词>要跟着第一个<主词>做变化。
She can speak Japanese as well as English. 她会说日语和英语。
Obviously he is interested in music as well as (in) painting.显然他对音乐和绘画都有兴趣。
He succeeded because he was industrious as well as because he had many friends to help him. 他的成功是由于勤勉和许多朋友的帮助。
He as well as I is satisfied with the result. 他和我都满意这样的结果。
... as well.
结构︰主词＋动词…as well
说明︰此句型意为“…也是…”。as well 一般置于句尾。
Often life is much slower outside the big cities, as is true in other countries as well.
大都市外面的生活步调往往是缓慢得多，这在其他国家也是真的那样。
She is not only good at mathematics, but she is interested in English as well.
她不但擅长数学，而且对英语也感到兴趣。
Tom is very unfriendly to me as well. 汤姆对我也很不友善。
as soon as ...
结构︰as soon as ...
说明︰此句型意为“一…就…”。为<副词><连接词>，引导<副词子句>，修饰<主要子句>。等于“no sooner ... than ...”或“hardly／scarcely…when／before…”。
As soon as she arrived in the city, she phoned her friend.
她一到这个城市，就给她的朋友打电话。
As soon as I have time, I will call you up. 我一有空，就会打电话给你。
Tell me as soon as you have finished. 你一完成就告诉我。
no sooner ... than ...
结构︰no sooner ... than ...
说明︰此句型意为“一…就…”。为<副词><连接词>，引导，<副词子句>，修饰<主要子句>。no sooner 为<否定副词>，置于句首时，<主词>与<助动词>必须倒装。
He had no sooner come than she left. 他一来，她就离开。
No sooner had I left the shop than a man came to me and asked me if my name was Peter.
我一离开商店，就有一位男士向我走来，问我是不是叫彼得。
No sooner had he arrived than he fell sick. 他刚抵达就病倒了。
I had no sooner gone out than it began to rain. 我刚走到外面就开始下雨了。
hardly ... when ...
结构︰hardly/scarcely ... when/before ...
说明︰此句型意为“一…就…”。为<副词><连接词>，引导<副词子句>，修饰<主要子句>。hardly，scarcely 为<否定副词>，置于句首时，<主词>与<助动词>必须倒装。
John had hardly opened the door when his guests arrived. 约翰刚打开门他的客人就到了。
Scarcely had I washed the car before the sky rumbled with thunder.
我刚洗车天空就打雷了。
Hardly had I gone out of the hotel when I met my friend.我刚走出饭店就遇见了我的朋友。
Scarcely had she heard the sad story when she burst out crying.
她一听到这悲伤的消息，就失声痛哭。
now that ... V ...
结构︰now that＋主词＋动词
说明︰此句型意为“因为／既然…”。now that 是<副词><连接词>，that 可省略，意思是 since（因为）或 seeing（that）（既然），引导<副词子句>，修饰<主要子句>。
Now that I am free, I can enjoy music for a while. 既然有空，我可以享受一下音乐。
I want to work now that I am well again. 我想去工作因为我又健康了。
Now that there is a new tunnel, the road is less dangerous.
既然有了一个新的隧道，这条路就比较不危险了。
Now that you are a college student, you should learn to be independent of your parents’ help.
既然你已是个大学生了，就应当学着独立，不靠父母的帮助。
not ... because ...
结构︰not ... because ...
说明︰此句型意为“并非因为…而…”。使用本<句型>时，because 之前不可有逗点，否则意思完全不同；有时得从 because <子句>的逻辑来判断意思。
You must not despise a man because he is poor. 你不可因一个人贫穷而轻视他。
I do not love him because he is rich. (I love him not because he is rich.)
我不是因为他有钱才爱他的。
I do not respect him because he is playful. 我不尊敬他，因为他贪玩。
I do not respect him because he is knowledgeable. 我并非因为他有学问而尊敬他。
not that ... but that ...
结构︰(It is) not that ... but that ...
说明︰此句型意为“并非…而是…”。It is 通常予以省略。
Not that I dislike the task, but that I am not equal to it.
并非我不喜欢这工作，而是我无法胜任。
Believe it or not, not that I don’t love Mary, but that I love my country (all the) more.
信不信由你，并非我不爱玛丽，而是我更爱我的国家。
Not that I hate the work. I’m not strong enough for it.
并非我讨厌这份工作，而是我不够强壮，无法胜任。
so that ... may ...
结构︰so that/in order that ... may ...
说明︰此句型意为“以便…”。此为表示目的的<副词><连接词> so that，in order that 所引导的<副词子句> <句型>。so that <子句>总是置于<主要子句>之后，而 in order that 置于<主要子句>前后均可，且<语气>较为强调。通常使用<助动词> may，也使用 can（could），shall（should），will（would）等。若<主词>与<主要子句>相同时，可变成<不定词词组>，即“so as to＋原形<动词>”或“in order to＋原形<动词>”。
Read the questions carefully so that you may not make a mistake in the test.
考试时要仔细看清楚题目，以免犯错。
We turned on the light so that we might see (=so as to see) what it was.
我们把灯打开，以便看看它是什么。
I study hard, so that I may not fail in the examinations. 我用功，免得考不及格。
My father works hard in order that he may support us. 我父亲辛苦地工作为了养家。
I’ve decided to learn photography in order that I may better appreciate the beauty of nature.
我决定学摄影以便更能欣赏自然的美。
I came in order that I might/could see May. (=I came in order to see May.)
我来是因为能见到梅。
We must find out the customs of other countries, so that they will not think us ill mannered.
我们必须知道别的国家的习俗，免得他们会认为我们是没有礼貌的。
lest ... (should) ...
结构︰lest ... (should) ...
说明︰此句型意为“以免…”。等于“for fear (that) ... should”。lest 为<副词><连接词>，引导<副词子句>，在该<子句>中，只能用<助动词> should，但 should 可省略，直接接原形<动词>。
I got up early lest I (should) miss the train. 我早起以免错过了火车。
We talked in a low voice lest we should wake the baby up. 我们小声说话以免吵醒婴儿。
Hide it lest he (should) see it. 把它藏起来免得他看见。
He took a flashlight lest it should get dark before he returned.
为了预防回来以前天就黑了，所以他带着手电筒。
Be careful for fear (that) you should be misunderstood. 请小心点不要被误会了。
... in case ... should ...
结构︰... in case ... should ...
说明︰此句型意为“…唯恐…；以防万一…”。in case 是“唯恐（＝lest）；万一（＝if）”之意，做<副词><连接词>，引导<副词子句>，与 should 并用，以修饰<主要子句>。in case 置于句首，也可当 if 使用。
I stopped suddenly in case he should think that I was showing off.
我突然停住，唯恐他会认为我是在炫耀。
They watched him closely in case he should escape. 他们严密监视他，惟恐他会逃脱。
In case (=If) I forget, please remind me. 万一我忘记，请提醒我。
Write the telephone number down in case you forget. 把电话号码写下来以免忘了。
... so ... that ...
结构︰…so＋形容词／副词＋that…
说明︰此句型意为“如此…以致…”。此为表示因果关系的<连接词词组>，引导<副词子句>。so 后也可接单数<可数名词>，即“so＋<形容词>＋a＋<名词>＋that…”。so 所引导的词类置于句首时，要采用倒装句构，如例句5和6。该句型与“too ... to ...”句型可以互相改写，如例句1所示。
Kevin is so sick that he can’t come to class. (=Kevin is too sick to come to class.)
克文病得严重以致无法来上课。
The dog is so gentle that I am not afraid of it. 这只狗如此温驯，因此我不感到害怕。
She studied so hard that she passed the exam. 她这么用功，所以通过了考试。
He is so good a boy that we like him. 他是个这么好的男孩，所以我们都喜欢他。
So nice is he that I like him. 他是这么好，因此我喜欢他。
So exciting was the game that I forgot all about the coming finals.
比赛是如此令人兴奋，以致我把即将来临的期末考忘得一乾二净。
so many/few ... that ...
结构︰so many／few＋复数名词＋that…
说明︰此句型意为“如此多／少的…以致…”。若是不可数名词，则用“so much／little＋不可数名词＋that…”。此为表示因果关系的<连接词词组>，引导<副词子句>。so 可修饰表数量的<形容词> many，much，few，little。so 所引导的词类置于句首时，要采用倒装句构。
I have so much work to do that I can’t go out with you.
我有这么多工作要做，因此不能和你出去。
So many languages can he speak that he should have no problem traveling around the world.
他会说这么多种语言，因此环游世界毫无问题。
There is so little time left that I don’t think I can finish it as scheduled.
剩下这么少的时间，我想我不能按时完成。
He has so few friends that his life is lonely. 他的朋友很少，因此他的生活非常孤单。
such ... that ...
结构︰such＋名词＋that…
说明︰此句型意为“如此…以致…”。此为表示因果关系的<连接词词组>，引导<副词子句>。such 之后可接任何<名词>。such 所引导的词类置于句首时，要采用倒装句构。
Do not think that Americans are in such a hurry that they are unfriendly.
不要认为美国人如此匆忙是不友善的。
He always talks in such a way that everyone dislikes him.
他总是用这样得方式说话，所以每个人都讨厌他。
He was such an impatient driver (=He was so impatient a driver) that he went through the red light. 他是这样没有耐心的司机，所以他闯红灯了。
Such a good article did he write that he won the award.他的这篇文章写得这么好，因此获奖。
They are such good boys that we like them. 他们是这么好的男孩，所以我们都喜欢他们。
It is such good music that I enjoy it. 这么好的音乐我喜欢。
as much so as N
结构︰as much so as＋名词
说明︰此句型意为“…像…一样”。
I am poor － as much so as a church mouse. 我穷得像教堂的老鼠。
She is lovely － as much so as an angel. 她可爱得像个天使。
The price of this gem is expensive － as much so as astronomical figures.
这个宝石的价格十分昂贵－－简直是个天文数字。
so much so that ...
结构︰so much so that＋主词＋动词
说明︰此句型意为“如此…所以…”。第一个 so 是“如此地”，第二个 so 是<代名词>，代表前面提过的某一个观念。
Making something by hand has become the exception in many countries today － so much so that giving a homemade gift is sometimes considered extraordinary. 当今用手做东西，在许多国家已经成为很特殊－－如此地特殊，以致赠送自制礼物有时被认为是不寻常的。
He is rich－so much so that he can buy anything he wants.
他有钱－－如此有钱。所以他可以买任何他要的东西。
Tom is clever－so much so that he can solve most of the problems.
汤姆聪明－－聪明地可以解决大多数这些问题。
though/although ...
结构︰though/although ...
说明︰此句型意为“虽然…但是…”。though 或 although 均为<副词><连接词>，引导<副词子句>，修饰<主要子句>，可置于<主要子句>的前后。若使用 though 或 although，就不可再使用 but，反之亦然，以避免双重连接；但可以用 yet，此时的 yet 做<副词>；though 也可当<副词>用，置于句尾，但前面要加逗点，表“然而”之意。
Although (he was) cheerful in company, he was often sad in private.
虽然和友人在一起是愉快的，但他私下却常常很悲伤。
Though old, he walks as fast as a young man. 虽然年老，他走起路来像年轻人一样快。
Though he often plays hooky, he does well in study. 他经常逃学，然而他的功课却很好。
Although very rich in his youth, he is now as poor as a church mouse.
虽然年轻时很有钱，他现在穷得像教堂的老鼠。
She didn’t put on an overcoat though it was very cold outside.外头虽冷，她却没披件外套。
Though he is nice, (yet) I don’t like him. (=He is nice; I don’t like him, though.)
他很好，然而我不喜欢他。
even if/even though ...
结构︰even if/even though ...
说明︰此句型意为“即使，虽然…”。也是<副词><连接词>，引导<副词子句>，用法与 though，although 相同，也不可与 but 并用。注意：无 even although 的用法。
Even if it will take me six weeks, I am determined to finish the job.
即使这工作要花掉我六个星期的时间，我仍决心要把它完成。
Even if he said so, you need not believe him. 即使他这么说，你大可不必相信他。
Even though you do not like it, you must do it. 即使你不喜欢这工作，你也得做。
Even though he tried, he still lagged behind other runners.
尽管他努力了，仍落在其他赛跑者之后。
Even though I hadn’t seen my classmate for many years, I recognized him immediately.
即使多年没有看见我的同学，我也马上认出了他。
They couldn’t, even if they would, get out of trouble by themselves.
即使他们想（摆脱），也无法独立摆脱困难。
Poor as he is, ...
结构︰形容词＋as＋主词＋be 动词，…
说明︰此句型意为“虽然…，但是…”。等于“though＋<主词>＋be <动词>＋<形容词>”。
Poor as he is (=Though he is poor), he doesn’t feel inferior.虽然他穷，他并不觉得低人一等。
Tired as she was, she kept doing it. 她虽然累了，仍继续做下去。
Nice as he is, I don’t like him. 虽然他很好，但我不喜欢他。
Stern as he is, he is full of sympathy. 虽然他严格，却富有同情心。
Young as he was, he was prudent. 他虽然如此年轻，却很慎重。
Surprised as he was at the news, he kept it secret all the week.
这消息虽然令他吃惊，但他却整个礼拜都没说出来。
Hard as he worked, ...
结构︰副词（动词）＋as＋主词＋动词，（yet）…
说明︰此句型意为“虽然…，但是…”。等于“though＋<主词>＋<动词>（＋<副词>）”。
Hard as he worked (=Though he worked hard), he failed in the exam.
虽然他很用功，考试仍失败了。
Much as she loved him (=Though she loved him very much), he deserted her in the long run.
虽然她很爱他，但最后他仍抛弃了她。
Much as the sheep look alike, the old man can tell one from another.
虽然绵羊看起来很相像，但那位老人仍能一一区别。
Much as I like her, I won’t marry her. 我虽然很喜欢她，却不打算娶她。
Well as he does in study, he is not arrogant. 虽然他功课很好，却一点都不傲慢。
Much as we may take pride on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose things (that) we want.虽然我们对我们高尚的品味感到非常得意，我们却不再能自由地去选择我们所要的东西。
Much as I hope I may gain weight, (yet) I am still as thin as before.
虽然我非常希望增加体重，但我仍然像以前一样的瘦。
Fast as you do, you can’t finish the assignment in two hours.
尽管你做得快，总也不能在两小时内将功课做完。
Search as I would, I could not find the book. 无论我怎么找，也没有找到书。
Try as you might, you can’t keep the lost time. 不管你怎么努力，失去的时间无法赶上。
Munching the apple as he was, he had an eye for all her movements.
他虽然啃着苹果，但却很留神地监视着她的每一个动作。
Good student as he is, ...
结构︰名词＋as＋主词＋be 动词，…
说明︰此句型意为“虽然…，但是…”。等于“though＋<主词>＋be <动词>＋<名词>”。若 be <动词>之后的<名词>是单数，移至句首后<冠词>要省略。
Good students as they were (=Though they were good students), they sometimes erred.
虽然他们是好学生，偶而也会犯错。
Good student as he is (=Though he is a good student), he sometimes makes mistakes.
虽然他是好学生，偶而也会犯错。
Coward as he is (=Though he is a coward), he can’t bear such an insult.
虽然他是懦夫，却无法忍受这样的侮辱。
Try as you may, ...
结构︰原形动词＋as／though＋主词＋may，…
说明︰此句型意为“虽然…，但是…”。等于“though＋<主词>＋may＋原形<动词>”；此类变化仅限于句中有<助动词> may 时。
Try as he may (=Though he may try), he will definitely fail.
虽然他会尝试去做，但无疑他必失败。
Try as she may, she is not necessarily able to talk him out of smoking.
虽然她会尝试，却未必能说服他戒烟。
Try as you may, you will find it impossible to solve the problem.
虽然你会尝试，但你会发现要解决这个问题是不可能的。
whether ... or ...
结构︰whether ... or ...
说明︰此句型意为“不论是…还是…”。whether 引导的<子句>句尾可用<对等连接词> or，以连接对等的单字、<词组>。whether <子句>中的<主词>若与<主要子句>相同时，则该<主词>可省略；whether <子句>的句构若为“<主词>＋be <动词>＋<补语>”，而<补语>又对称时，则可保留“<补语>＋or＋<补语>”，其余部分则省略。
Whether he will stay or leave, I really don’t care. 我真的不在意他要留下来还是要走。
Whether the news is true or false, I won’t change my plan.
不管消息是真是假，我是不会改变计划的。
Whether (she is) sick or fine, she is always cheerful. 不管她生不生病，她总是开开心心的。
(Whether we are) Rich or poor, we are all equal. 人不分贫富一律平等。
Rain or shine, the game will be held as scheduled. 不论下不下雨，比赛照常举行。
Waking or sleeping, the matter is always in my mind.
不论是醒着还是睡着，这件事时常浮在我的脑中。
whether ... or not
结构︰whether＋主词＋动词＋or not
说明︰此句型意为“不论…还是不…”。“whether ... or not”称为<从属连接词>，连接词性相同的单字，<词组>或<子句>，当“whether ... or ...”<句型>中的 or 之后对等的单字或<词组>若相同时，该单字或<词组>可省略，而以 not 代替；or not 也可省略；也可写成 whether or not。
There’s always weather, weather, whether we like it or not.
老是有各种各样的天气，不论我们喜欢不喜欢。
Whether you will go (or not), please call me up. 不论你去不去，请打电话给我。
Whether he will come (or not), we will go on with our plan.
不管他来不来，我们仍按原计划进行。
I have decided to buy a bicycle, whether it is expensive or not.
我已经决定买一部脚踏车，不论贵不贵。
Whether you believe it or not, I passed the exam. 不管你信不信，反正我通过了考试。
Whether he wanted it or not, he had to attend the lecture.
不管他愿意与否，他非得去参加讲座。
Whether or not he will stay, I really don’t care. 他要留下来还是要走，我真的不在意。
He is always happy whether rich or not. 不管穷还是富，他都快活。
... or otherwise
结构︰形容词＋or otherwise
说明︰此句型意为“（不论）…或不…”。otherwise 表示和<形容词>相反的意义。
Two characters are in disagreement, serious or otherwise, over some matter.
两个人物为某件事情发生了严重或不严重的冲突。
You must accept the result, satisfactory or otherwise.
你必须接受这个令人满意或不满意的结果。
The task assigned, dangerous or otherwise, must be finished as scheduled.
所指派的工作，危险或不危险，必须如期完成。
as ... V ...
结构︰as＋主词＋动词…
说明︰此句型意为“按照…；如…”。as 是<副词><连接词>，等于“in the same way that”。
When in Rome, do as the Romans do. 入境随俗。
Do as you are told. (=Do as I tell you.) 照我吩咐的做！
She cooks omelets in butter as they do in France. 她用奶油做法国式的蛋卷。
As it is ...
结构︰As it is ...
说明︰此句型意为“事实上…”。As it is ... 作<副词子句>，置于句首，修饰后面的<主要子句>。等于 In fact 或 As a matter of fact。
I thought he would get better. As it is, he is getting worse.
我以为他会变好。但事实上，他愈变愈糟。
He isn’t nice. As it is, he is bad. 他不好。事实上，他很坏。
I don’t like him. As it is, I hate him. 我不喜欢他。事实上，我恨他。
as/so long as ...
结构︰as/so long as ...
说明︰此句型意为“只要…”。as／so long as 当“只要”解，是表条件及时间范围的<连接词词组>，引导 <副词子句>，修饰<主要子句>。它所引导的<子句>中，<动词>常用现在式，<主要子句>则用未来式。
You will never be good students so long as you goof around.
如果你们成天游手好闲，就永远也成不了好学生。
As long as you drive carefully, you will be very safe. 只要你开车小心，你就会很安全。
You may eat anything, so long as you don’t eat too much.
只要不吃得太多，你可以吃任何东西。
As long as live, I will help you. 只要我活着，我都会帮助你。
As long as you don’t betray me, I’ll do whatever you ask me to (do).
只要你不出卖我，要我做什么我都愿意。
We’ll ship the goods at an early time as long as there is a steamer.只要有船，我们就尽早装货。
So far as I am concerned
结构︰so／as far as＋主词＋be＋concerned…
说明︰此句型意为“就…而言，…”。为<副词><连接词词组>，引导<副词子句>，通常置于<主要子句>之前。
So far as English is concerned, it is not so difficult as you might think.
就英文而言，它并不像你所认为的那样难。
As far as I am concerned, I’m not against your plan. 就我而言，我并不反对你的计划。
So far as English composition is concerned, practice is the best way.
就英语作文而言，练习是最好的方法。
As far as defense is concerned, we need to buy more sophisticated weapons.
就防御的观点来说，我们需要购买更多精密的武器。
As far as I know, he is kind. 就我所知，他人不错。
As far as oil energy is concerned, we cannot be too frugal.就石油能源而言，我们愈节省愈好。
whatever may happen, ...
结构︰whatever＋（名词）＋主词＋may＋原形动词…
说明︰此句型意为“不论什么…”。whatever 在此做<副词><连接词>，引导<副词子句>，后面一定要有逗点，再接<主要子句>。“whatever＋<主词>＋may be”的 may be 可以省略。
You must do whatever is best for you. 什么对你最有利你就得做什么。
He’ll push on with his project whatever the difficulties may be.
不管有什么困难，他都要继续推行他的计划。
Whatever may happen, you must keep calm. 不论什么事发生，你必须保持冷静。
I will be on your side, whatever the situation (may be). 我会在你这一边，不论情况如何。
We are still optimistic, whatever the result (may be). 我们仍然乐观，不论结果如何。
No matter what ...
结构︰No matter what ...
说明︰此句型意为“不论什么…，…”。
No matter what the results of the homemade gift look like, remember it’s the thought that counts. 不论自制礼物的结果看起来像什么，心意才是重要。
No matter what you may do, do it well. 不论你做什么，好好地做。
No matter what he is, he must obey the law. 不论他是什么人，他必须遵守法律。
wherever ...
结构︰wherever＋主词＋动词…
说明︰此句型意为“无论在哪里…；无论到哪里…；无论什么情况下…”。等于 no matter where。
The language is almost the same wherever one goes. 不论你到哪里，语言几乎是相同的。
Wherever you are, I will miss you. 不论你在哪里，我都会想念你。
Remember you are a Chinese wherever you go. 记住你是中国人，不论你到哪里。
We’ll go wherever you like. 你爱去哪儿我们就去哪儿。
Wherever it is possible, he tries to help. 只要有可能，他总是设法帮忙。
not ... until/till ...
结构︰not…until／till＋某一点时间
说明︰此句型意为“直到…才…”。等于“not ... before”。句子若由 not until 开头，则要用倒装<句型>。
Cotton material was not known in Europe until much later.
直到很晚之后，欧洲才知道棉花布料。
We did not start until the sun rose in the east. 直到太阳从东方升起，我们才出发。
He did not have a house of his own until he was thirty.直到三十岁，他才有属于自己的家。
Not until eleven o’clock did he come home. 他到十一点才回家。
We do not know the value of health till we lose it. 失去健康才知道健康的可贵。
We had not waited long before she came. 我们没等多久她就来了。
Not until last night did I get the news. 直到昨晚我才听到这消息。
It had not been done before he came. 这还没做完之前他就回来了。
... rather than ...
结构︰主词＋动词…rather than…
说明︰此句型意为“与其说…，不如说…；…而不是…”。rather than 后所跟的部分可以有多种词性和<时态>，关键是要和前半部分保持一致。
Older people may seek their own friends rather than become too emotionally dependent on their children. 老年人可以找自己的朋友而不会在情感上太依赖他们的子女。
She is a career woman rather than a housewife. 她是职业妇女而不是家庭主妇。
I tried to stand on my own two feet rather than turned to my parents.
我设法自立而不求助于我的父母。
He will give in to his opponent’s claim rather than wrangle over a disputed point.
他会向对手的要求让步，而不会因争议点而大声争论。
She is pretty rather than attractive. 她是漂亮，而不吸引人。
I reasoned rather than quarreled with him. 我理论，而不是和他吵架。
It is a telex rather than a letter. 与其说它是一封信，不如说它是一封电传。
This businessman is rather diligent than clever. 与其说这位业务员聪明，不如说他勤勉。
The present market is worse rather than better. 目前的市场不见好转，反而进一步恶化了。
He should have given priority to his safety rather than to the loss of money.
他本来应该优先考虑他的安全，而不是金钱的损失。
He always give priority to others rather than to himself.他总是优先考虑别人而不是自己本身。
On one hand, ...
结构︰On (the) one hand, ..., and on the other (hand), ...
说明︰此句型意为“一方面…，另一方面…”。本<句型>指同一事物的两个方面。on the one hand 和 and on the other，一般是作<插入语>，前后要用逗点隔开，on the other hand 如在句末，则不必在前加逗点。注意，如第一部分里没有<定冠词> the，就不作<插入语>。
On the one hand, you shouldn’t be shy; on the other hand, you mustn’t forget your manners.
一方面你不应当拘束，另一方面也不要放肆无礼。
On the one hand, I am your manager, and on the other, I am also your friend.
一方面我是你的经理，另一方面，我也是你的朋友。
He has been criticized on one hand and encouraged on the other.
他一方面受到批评，另一方面却受到鼓励。
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