你想成为尖子生吗？
你知道尖子生和普通学生的区别在哪里吗？
今天，一尘老师为朋友们分享TED演讲《尖子生有什么过人之处？》
Lesson 1：Don't worry about IQ.
第一课：别担心智商
Question number one,put up your hands.If you would like to see your marks or your grades at school improve at the moment,who would like to see their marks or grades go up?Most the students,brilliant.
第一个问题，如果你想看到你的分数或你的成绩在学校提高的那一刻，谁想看到他们的分数或成绩上升？举起手来，大多数学生吧，不错。
Now,my next question is,what do you think's gonna be most important in getting these marks to go up?So can I get a show of hands?Who would say IQ is gonna be the most important thing to get your marks to go up?Not many people, I guess it's good.We spoke to the students for an hour yesterday.We covered this. So you're all fast liners.That's good.
现在，我的下一个问题是，你认为提高这些分数最重要的是什么？我能让你们举手表决吗？谁会说智商是让你的成绩提高的最重要的东西？人不多，我想这很好。我们昨天给学生讲了一个小时的课，我们也讲了这个。所以你们都学得快一些。那很好。
Who would say hard work is gonna be most important getting those marks to go up?I can get about a third of the room,40% maybe.Fantsttic.Now these are the types of questions that are my team and I Elevated Education.Have spent the last 13 years researching.We started our journey to find out what the top students do to get the top results.Because I think people have always had a range of explanations for why this happens.Some people say that the top students get the top results because they've got higher IQs.That is,they're just smarter than anyone else.Some people say the top students get the top results because they work harder and the explanations go on and on.So what we want to do is basically work out fact from fiction，what was true and what wasn't.To do this,we've spent the last 13 years benchmarking the habits, techniques, and practices of literally tens of thousands of students across Australia,South Africa,the United Kingdom and the US，and what we've learned in this time is basically three key things.
谁会说努力是让那些提高分数最重要的东西？我看三分之一，大概百分之四十的人举手了。有意思。这些都是我的团队和我Elevated教育集团所提出的问题。在过去的13年里一直在研究，我们开始了我们的旅程去发现顶尖学生是如何获得顶尖成绩的。因为我认为人们对于为什么他们会成功，总是有一堆解释。有些人说优等生之所以成绩优秀，是因为他们的智商更高。也就是说，他们比任何人都聪明；有些人说，优等生之所以成绩优秀是因为他们学习更刻苦，而相关的解释也层出不穷。所以我们想要做的就是从虚构中找出事实。哪些是真的，哪些不是。因此我们在过去的13年里，研究了近乎上万名居住在澳大利亚、南非、英国和美国的优等生群体的习惯、技巧、方法，我们在这段时间学到了三个基本的关键因素。
First of all,the top students don't necessarily get the top results because they've got higher IQs or because they're smarter than anyone else.
首先，优等生不一定因为智商高或比别人聪明就能取得好成绩。
Finding number two,we found that there's a small set of skills that is statistically significant in explaining why the top students get the top marks.In other words,there's a small set of things that the top students do that no one else does，that explains why they get their results.What's interesting is that these are common across countries. So there is relevant for student in Sydney,Australia where I'm from as they are for a student in London,Capetown,New York,or talent for that matter.
第二个发现是，在解释为什么尖子生能得到最高分时,一小部分技能具有统计学意义。换句话说，有一小部分事情是尖子生做了但其他人都不会做！这正好解释了他们为什么会有这样的成绩。有趣的是，这些在各国都很常见。相关现象在我居住的澳大利亚悉尼，同于伦敦，开普敦和纽约的学生，他们在这方面也很有天赋。
The 3rd thing and this is probably the most important finding in the context of today's presentation,is that these skiils can be both taught to and used by students to improve their results.
第三个发现，可能是在今天的演讲中最重要的发现：这些技能既可以教给学生，也可以被学生用来提高他们的成绩。
That's what we do as a company today,Elevate works with quarter of a million students across 1200 schools infour different countries in order to move up student's results.What I found across this time is this basically thress things that any student needs to know if they're looking to move up their marks right now.
这就是我们今天作为一家公司所做的，今天，Elevate集团与在4个不同国家于1200所学校的近五十万学生共同致力于提升学生成绩。这次我发现，如果学生想要提高成绩，他们必须知道这三件事。
The first one of these things is that you don't need to worry about IQ,it's been my experience,far too many students worry about,'Am I smart enough？' or 'Do I have a high enough IQ to do well?’As you said,not many hands went up to that question today. However,normally it's about 50% to 90% of students will see IQ is being the biggest driver of their results.A great example of this.Three years ago in Australia,we interviewed 3000 students before their final high school exams. We asked these guys,what is going to be most important in impacting your results in your final exams?An overwhelming majority.And when I say overwhelming,I mean 90% of students came back and said,IQ would be the number one factor.Now,the good news is that these students in the vast majority of students drastically overestimate how important IQ is gonna be.
这些事情中的第一件是你不需要担心智商，以我的经验来看，太多的学生担心“我是否足够聪明”或者“我是否有足够高的智商去变得优秀？”正如你所看到的，今天没有多少人举手回答这个问题。然而，通常情况下，大约有50%到90%的学生认为智商是他们成绩的最大驱动力。举一个很好的例子，三年前在澳大利亚，我们在3000名学生的高中期末考试前对他们进行了采访。我们问这些人：“影响你们期末考试成绩的最重要因素是什么？”压倒性的多数，但我所说的“压倒性”指的是90%的学生，他们的回答是：智商是第一要素。现在，好消息是，这些绝大多数学生，都大大高估了智商的重要性。
Indeed, in our research,we've found that IQ is not the number one predictor of how well a student will perform.
事实上，在我们的研究中发现，智商并不是学生表现好坏的首要预测因素。
In fact,we found 13 variables that were more effective in terms of predicting academic performance than simply IQ.One of these factors, in particular,we found to be multiple times more effective to predict academic performance.And that was practice exams.We found the tops teams do more practice exams than anyone else.We found you can almost perfectly estimated students results by looking at the number of practice exams they've done.And we also found that we could almost perfectly rank a class from first all the way donw to last,just given the amount of practice exams they would do across a year.Now,the great thing about practice exams is that you don't have to be a genius，to do a practice exam is completely within your control,as are the other 12 variables.
事实上，我们发现有13个变量在预测学术成绩方面比单纯的智商更有效，特别是其中的一个因素，我们发现它对预测学术成绩的有效性要高出许多倍，那就是：模拟考试。我们发现，尖子生比其他任何人做更多的模拟考试。我们发现，通过查看学生完成的模拟考试次数，你几乎可以完美地估计出他们的成绩。我们还发现，这个方法可以近乎完美地评估一个班级，从最高分到最低分，仅仅根据他们一年内所做的练习测试数量。现在，模拟考试的好处在于你不必是天才，模拟考试完全在你的控制范围之内，其他12个变量也是如此。
Now let's take a step further,though. Let's think about if students go to work successfully across a year and do well,what are they need to do?
不过，现在让我们更进一步。我们想一想，如果学生一学年里都好好学习并且做到优秀，他们需要做什么？
Well,the first thing is they're gonna need to be out ot self motivate, because they're gonna have to sit down.They're gonna need to work consistently across the year.They're also gonna need to be self discipline，because you're gonna have to cut out distractions like Facebook or watching 6.5hours of cat videos on youtube. They're gonna have to sit down and cut out all these distractions.
嗯，第一件事就是：他们需要自我激励，因为他们必须坐下来。他们需要在一年中始终如一地学习，他们还需要自我约束，因为你必须减少像在脸书或在油管上刷六个半小时的猫咪视频这样的干扰。他们必须坐下来排除所有的干扰。
The 3rd thing si they're also gonna need to be resilient.Because the reality is that every student's gonna lose marks across the year.And when this happens,you're gonna be able to pick yourself up and dust yourself off.Now,it doesn't matter how high a student's IQ is.If you can't do these three things,you're always gonna be at a disadvantage.Indeed,research by two professors at the university of Pennsylvania,Martin seligman and Angela Duckworth,who many people know from their ted talks,they found in a range of areas,self discipline trumps IQ.They found in terms of the classroom,self discipline was two times more effective in predicting academic results than IQ by itself.
第三件事（应该是第二件事）是他们的生活也需要有韧性。因为现实是每个学生这一学年里难免丢分，当这一切发生的时候， 你将能够重新振作起来.现在学生的智商有多高并不重要，如果你不能做到这三点，你将永远处于劣势。宾夕法尼亚大学的两位教授在研究中发现，马丁·塞利格曼和安吉拉·达克沃斯，你们很多人也许在ted演讲中见过他们。他们发现，在一系列领域中，自律胜过了智商。他们发现，就课堂而言，自律在预测学术成果方面的效果是智商本身的两倍。
Lesson 2:Don't aim to just work hard.
第二课：不要仅仅想着努力工作。
The second lesson is don't aim to just work hard.And I'm gonna emphasize the word "just"there，because normally when I say this,I look around this students whose eyes just open up.And because what they hear is don't work hard and they say,I'm glad I came today.So that's not the message.The messasge is don't aim to just work hard.And the reason for that is in our research,we found that hard work was a necessary condition,but it wasn't a sufficient condition to doing well.And I 'll explain what I mean by that.In our research,we found very few students who did well but didn't work hard.The reality is, if you want to do well,you've gotta work hard.The problem is,though,we found students who worked equally as hard as the top students,and got worse results,we found students who even worked harder than the top students,and get and end up getting poor results. If we think about it, it's actually the number one reasons for student under performance at school is because they simply aim to work hard. So all the time we find students who turn up for the new school year and they say something along these lines.They say,this year is gonna be different.They say,this year I'm gonna do better，I'm gonna do some work,I'm gonna hand my homework in on time,and gonna get my assignments in on time,and maybe I do more study for my exams. The problem is ,though,is then they go back out.They keep doing the same thing they were doing before they just do more of it.And it was Michael Jordan who said it best that if you shoot 10000 balls and you've got bad technique,all you're gonna do is gonna get really good at shooting really badly.And that's the problem for these students. They go out,they take in adequate study skills and they simply use them more often.And then they expect a different result at the end of it.The problem is all of a sudden they then go into an exam.They get their results back.It's the same results last time.And at this point,the cycle of disengagement begins.Because the students say,look,I've done everything.Now,I've even worked hard.I've done every single thing there is.I simply can't do it and I give up.
第二个教训是不要仅仅想着努力工作，我会在这里强调“仅仅”这个词，因为通常当我说这个的时候，我就会环顾四周，瞧瞧那些眼睛瞪大了的学生。因为他们听到的是不努力工作,他们说“我横线我今天来了”。所以，这不是我要表达的真正意思。不要只想着努力工作，究其原因是，在我们的研究中发现努力工作是必要条件，但不是充分条件。我会解释我的意思。在我们的研究中发现——成绩好但不努力学习的学生很少。现实是——如果你想做得好，你必须努力工作。但问题是，我们发现有些学生和优等生一样努力但成绩却不及他们优秀。我们发现，有些学生甚至比优等生更努力，但结果却更差。如果我们想一想，实际上，学生在学校表现不佳的首要原因是因为他们只是想努力学习。因此，我们总会发现刚开学的时候，这部分学生会说一些类似的话（类似“努力学习”）。他们说“今年会有所不同”,他们说“今年我会做得更好，我要好好学习，我要按时交作业，也许我会为我的考试做更多的学习”。然而问题是，然后他们又回到了这个循环：他们一直在做以前做的事情，只是做得更频繁了。迈克尔·乔丹说得好：“如果你投了10000个球，而你的技术很差，你能做到的仅仅是熟练怎么投差球。”这就是这些学生的问题所在。他们走出去，获得足够的学习技能，他们只是更频繁地使用它们，然后他们期望在最后又一个不同的结果。问题是他们突然进入一场考试，他们拿回了他们的结果，和上次的结果一样。此时，学而不思的周期开始了。因为学生们说，看，我什么都做了，我甚至努力工作，我什么都做了，我根本学不好，我放弃了。
So the thing is we don't want to just aim to work hard.We wanna work hard doing the right things.Now the obvious question then is,what are the right things?In our research,we found 13 factors,or skills,or habits,or techniques that differentiated the top students from middle-low performing students.I wanna touch upon two of these，the two I wanna touch upon.A.they're probably two of the most important skills.But then secondly，they're also great case studies in terms of illustrating what the top students do differently to the vast majority of students.
所以问题是，我们不能仅仅想去努力，而是努力去做正确的事情。现在明显的问题是：什么是正确的事情？在我们的研究中，我们发现了13个因素，或技能、习惯、技术，区分优等生和中下等的学生，我想谈谈其中的两个，其一，这可能是最重要的两项技能，其次，它们也是很好的案例研究,充分说明了优等生与大多数学生的不同之处。
Now the first skill I wanna talk about is one I've already touched upon today,which practice exams.Now,as I said before,we found that practice exams were the number one predictor of how well a student would do at school.Now to understand why,let's take a step back and let's think about what students are doing before exams.Now on the screen at the moment,I've got a group of year 11 students in the United Kingdom,and that's actually worked through.And let's have a look at what the majority of these students are doing.Now up the top,we've got 15% of the students who are making their notes.In other words,these are the guys have left it right to the last minute.They're sitting down just trying to get their notes finished before the exams. We've got 5% of students who are rewriting their notes.So these are the guys who are now trying to basically wrote learn them,simply by writing them out over and over and over again.We've got the overwhelming majority here.It's about 56% of students are reading over their notes.So in other ways,sitting there,just reading the notes over and over again until it's in their memory.So in other words,we've got 76% of students who are spending the majority of their time simply memorizing their notes,either writing them out,rewriting them,or reading them over and over again.Now why do students do this?The reason the vast majority of students will do this is very intuitive,because if everyone in this room thinks back to what the number one fear was last exam,generally the number one fear is,what if I forget something?What if I forget a data?Quite a fact what's gonna happen?And as a result,these students go and they spend all of their time on memory based activities.
现在我要讲的第一个技巧是我今天已经讲过的——练习测试。现在，正如我之前所说的，我们发现练习测试是预测学生在学校表现的首要因素。现在要理解为什么，让我们退一步，让我们想想学生在考试前都在做什么，现在在屏幕上我有一群英国11年级的学生，这一点实际上已经得到了解决，让我们来看看大多数学生都在做什么，现在在最上面，我们有15%的学生在做笔记，换句话说，这些人把它留到了最后一分钟，他们坐下来只想在考试前把笔记写完。我们有5%的学生在重写他们的笔记，所以这些人现在正在尝试通过一遍又一遍地抄写来记住它们。我们在这里获得了压倒性的多数，大约56%的学生在阅读他们的笔记。所以其他方面，坐在那里，只是一遍又一遍地读笔记，直到它们被印在脑海中。换句话说，我们有76%的学生把大部分时间都花在记笔记上，要么把笔记写出来，要么重写，要么一遍又一遍地读。那这些学生们为什么要这样做呢？绝大多数学生这样做的原因是非常直观的，因为，如果在座的各位回想一下最近一次考试的最大恐惧是什么，一般而言第一大恐惧是：如果我忘了什么怎么办？如果我忘记了某个数据该怎么办？而这往往不可避免，该怎么办？因此，这些学生把所有的时间都花在了基于记忆的活动上。
Now our tops teams,on the other hand,our top students are in the minority there in this small group of 11%of students who were doing practice exams at the moment.
与此同时我们的尖子生呢，只占这个11%的学生群体的少数人，此刻他们正在做模拟考试。
Now,why do the top students to practice exams?They do it because they realized something that the vast majority of students don't realize.They realize that an exam is not a test of memory.An exam does not test you how much you can remember.It test you,how you use what you remember. So the top students can basically go one step further than the vast majority of students,whereas the majority of students can simply remember information and the top students can analyze that they can evaluate.They can develop arguments.But they can give the examiner what the examiner wants when they get into the exam room.Which is one of the large reasons they get the results they do.
那么，尖子生为什么要刷题了？他们这样做是因为他们意识到了一些绝大多数学生没有意识到的东西。他们意识到考试不是对记忆力的测试，考试不是测试你能记住多少，而是考验你如何使用你所记得的知识。所以优等生基本上可以比绝大多数学生优先一步，而大多数学生只能仅仅记住信息，优等生却可以分析信息、可以评价信息、可以展开争论。并且当他们进入考场时，他们可以给考官想要的东西。这是他们取得成绩的重要原因之一。
Now the second skill,or before we get to the second skill,I might just,in order to show you how similar these are across countries.I'll put up a group of year 11 students in Australia and what you're gonna notices it is almost identical to our UK students.In fact,the percentage of students,again,that gold bar there,the percentage of students are doing practice exams is actually exactly the same as out our case study in Australia.We've got 11%of students in Australia who is doing practice exams.But again,it's within this minority where we find our top students.
接下来看第二个技能，或者在我们讨论第二个技能之前，我想向你们展示这些在不同国家的现象是多么的相似。我将展示一群澳大利亚的11年级学生，你会注意到其现象和我们的英国学生几乎一样。事实上，学生百分比，那个金色的统计条，学生做模拟考试的百分比实际上与我们在澳大利亚的案例研究结果完全相同。结果显示，有11%的澳大利亚学生在刷题。但同样，我们在这一少数群体中找到了我们的尖子生。
Now let's look at the second skill.And this skill also this relates back to something I've alse touched upon today，which is the concept of self discipline and the research by Seligman and Duckworth.Now a students number one to when it comes to self discipline is a study timetable.The big problem is the vast majority of students will create a study timetable.And the vast majority of them will throw it out within the next week or so.A chuckle of shows hands has much students who's done that before，who was created a timetable only to throw it out very quickly.Okay,again, a lot of studentsand the good news is that you're not in the minority.
现在，我们来看第二个技能。这一技能也与我刚才已经提到的自我约束的概念以及塞利格曼和达克沃斯的研究。现在，学生们自我约束的第一条要素就是学习作息表。最大的问题是绝大多数学生都会制定学习时间表——然后，他们中的绝大多数人会在下周内把它抛弃。（在座的）如果你们也是如此的请举手示意：制作一个时间表，只是为了更快把它抛到脑后。（看看举手的结果）和之前差不多，好消息是你不是少数。
If we look at this is a group of year 11 students in the United Kingdom.Over 50% ot these students have thrown out their timetable within a week.A quarter of them have thrown it out within a couple of days and then the other quarter thrown it out or more than a quarter thrown out within the week.
我们再来看看，这是一群英国11年级学生（的调查问卷）：超过50%的学生在一周内放弃了他们的时间表。其中，四分之一的人在几天内就把它扔掉了，然后另四分之一的人又把它扔掉了，或者说超过四分之一的人在一周内扔掉了。
Now again,to understand why this is the case,let's have a look. Because we do have a small group of students who stick to it for longer than a month,who stick to it for months on end,all the way up to a year.And again,these were our top students are.But to understand why,let's look at what the majority of students do differently to the top students.
现在，为了理解这种情况让我们来看一看，因为我们确实有一小群学生坚持了一个月以上、连续坚持了几个月、一整个学年。并且，这些（坚持下来了的）都是我们的尖子生。但为了理解原因，让我们先看看尖子生中的大部分学生（制作学习作息表）的做法有何不同。
Now on this slide,I've got a group of year 11 students.And we're having a look at what students put into their timetable first.So what we find the vast majority of students will do is the'll go out,they'll get a piece of paper,and they'll rule this thing up Monday,Tuesday, Wednesday,Thursday,all the way through to Sunday.And then the very first thing they put into their study timetable is when they're gonna study.Whick is, again,is fairly intuitive,right?It's called a study timetable.So you think you put the study in first.So we've got,it's about 22% of students will put in their homework or when they're gonna do a quite study.In other words,they're putting in their workload for that week.We've gotta get our overwhelming majority,it's 63% of students in this case who are putting in specific subjects.So the very first thing they might do is on a Monday afternoon,they'll put in an hour of French homework.And presumably that's because they had French that day.And they've got to do homework and study for it.
在这张幻灯片上，同样有一群11年级的学生，我们先看看学生们在自己的时间表上写了什么。我们（从数据中）发现，绝大多数学生会做的是——他们会出去，拿一张纸，他们会安排周一、周二、周三、周四，一直到周日，然而他们放进学习时间表的第一件事就是他们要学习的时间，这也是非常直观的，对吧？这叫做学习时间表，所以你认为你把学习放在第一位。所以，我们有大约22%的学生把他们做作业的时间或他们将要学习的时间列入（这张）学习时间表，换句话说就是，（他们把）那一周的工作量放入到了时间表里。我们必须获得压倒性的多数，有63%的学生在这种情况下写下具体学习的科目。所以，他们可能要做的第一件事是在周一下午，他们将投入一个小时的法语作业，大概是因为那天他们上法语课，他们必须做家庭作业，并为此而学习。
So again,we've got about 85% of students who puts studing as the very first thing into their timetable.Now the proble with that is that these guys have the highest likelihood of throwing out the timetable,as we've already seen within a matter of days or within a week.And the reason for it is because they go absolutely yon-ho.They just put in study all over the place and they forget about the things they love doing.So three days into it or three weeks in sort of however long these guys are sitting down going—I'm not doing anything I love doing.I'm bored.I hate this.And as a result,they throw the timetable out.
所以，我们有大约85%的学生把学习作为他们时间表中的第一件事。现在的问题是这些人最有可能抛弃（自己制定的）时间表，要么是在几天后或一周内，其原因是——他们已经完全放弃了。他们只是到处投入学习，而忘记了他们喜欢做的事情，所以三天后，或者说三周后，不管这些人坐在那里的时间有多长，（他们会发现）：我都没有做任何我喜欢做的事情——我很无聊，我讨厌这样。结果呢，他们把时间表给扔了！
Now again,our top students are in the minority on this graph as well.These are the guys，when they sit down and created timetable, they do it every other student does in terms of they get their piece of paper.And the rule it up Monday,Tuesday,Wednesday,Thursday,all the way through to Sunday.But instead of putting in study first,these guys do something very different.They put it,as you can see there,they put in when they're not gonna study.So the first thing to go into these timetables,are things like socializing, hobbies,sports,if someone's got a job,they might put in the job as well.And it's only once they've got these activities in that they then come back and they begin to feel the study around it.
同样，我们的优等生在这张图标上也是少数——就是这些人，但他们坐下来制定时间表时，他们和其他每个学生一样，他们的那一张纸——写下周一、周二、周三、周四，一直到周日的安排，但这些人不是把学习放在第一位，而是做一些非常不同的事情：正如你所看到的，他们首先安排他们不打算学习的时间，作为他们填入这张时间表里的内容——比如社交、爱好、运动，如果有人有工作，他们可能也会把投入工作放在首位。只有当他们有了这些活动安排，他们才会回来开始集中学习。
The big thing for the top students,though,is all of a sudden，because the've got all of these activities in their timetables,it means everyday they're doing something that they love to do.As a result,they're happy.And because they're happy,they're balanced.And that sense of being balanced，then lays the foundation to be productive for the rest of the year.
不过，对优等生来说，最重要的事情是在这些细微区别之间——因为他们的课程表上所有这些活动，这意味着每天他们都在做自己喜欢做的事情。结果，他们很开心。而正因为他们开心，所以他们很平衡。这种平衡感为一整年的高效工作时间奠定了基础。
So for any student in the room right now who's looking to move up their marks,there's three things you'll need to consider.
所以对于在座的任何想要提高成绩的学生，有三件事例需要考虑。
Number one,as already said,don't overestimate the importance of IQ or just don't worry about it.It's out of your control.
第一，正如已经说过的，不要高估智商的重要性，或者不要担心智商不够。这不是你能控制的。
Number two,don't aim to just work hard,but instead work hard doing the right things.Aim to model what the Top students are doing.Because the thing is if you get the process right in the marks or the grades or the results at school are gonna take care of themselves.
第二，不要只想着努力，而是要努力做正确的事情。目标是效仿优等生的学习方式，因为如果你把过程做对了，在学校的分数或成绩自然会上升。
第三，在做学习时间表的时候，先把自己的兴趣、爱好、运动等让人开心的事情先安排，其余时间用来学习，并在快乐中找到平衡。
Thanks a lot.
非常感谢！
后记：
为了整理这篇文档，一尘用了三个半天，今天终于完稿。
希望能够为学习和工作中的你有所帮助。
PS：
本文视频引用腾讯视频，英语和汉语翻译为一尘逐字逐句手打。
为了适应中国人的阅读习惯，加了部分过渡性语言。
不足之处，敬请指正留言，感谢雅正！
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