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提起匈奴二字
往往与游牧相对应
说到中原
则离不开农耕
两者有什么特点呢?
一个有坐骑,一个有锄头
他们一旦对立
那便是匈奴骑着马儿来
中原拿着锄头挡
在没有工业革命的时代
两条腿如何打得过四条腿?
le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">弓箭骑兵 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">图源@维基百科 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">▼ 所以在一开始 匈奴频频骚扰中原 让不少文人提笔怒骂 可也无济于事 直到某位“猛人”出场 才打得匈奴边哭边跑 究竟是怎么一回事? 这还得从一座名为焉支的山说起 不过在了解焉支山之前 我们得知道匈奴与中原的一些 “恩怨情仇” le="outline: 0px;text-align: center;white-space: normal;letter-spacing: 2px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);font-size: 16px;line-height: 25.6px;display: initial;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;visibility: visible !important;width: auto !important;" src="//image109.360doc.com/DownloadImg/2023/04/1223/264278505_4_2023041211181834.gif"> 匈奴与中原的恩怨 作为北方的游牧民族 匈奴一直都盘踞在阴山、贺兰山一带 这里有广袤的草场、充足水资源 可供放牧、生息 那时由于地域阻隔 匈奴与中原几乎没有联系 毕竟 谁闲着没事去翻山越岭? 但随着时间递进 双方不断向外探索 游牧民族翻过山 来到河套平原才发现 “原来山的那边还有草场” 当然中原也发现了 但忙着争权,就没理他们 伴随旱季、冬季牧草资源枯竭 匈奴铁骑践踏田野、侵扰百姓 中原才明白 “山的那边是敌人” 就这样 匈奴二字第一次出现于 战国时期的书籍中 诸如《山海经》、《战国策》等等 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">战国形势图(公元前280年) le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">图源@维基百科 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">▼ 彼时诸国之战 已进入了白热化阶段 弱的基本被蚕食完毕 强国之间打得你来我往 匈奴偏偏就抓住这个时间 不断侵扰燕国、赵国、秦国等国 中原各国最初也没在意 特别是随着赵国大将李牧出征 并将匈奴赶了回去 就更加不在意了 跟匈奴干架 哪有争夺中原之主重要? le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">战国四大名将之李牧 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">▼ 匈奴各部落就趁着 中原诸国相互征战 无暇顾及他们之时 不断发展壮大 等到秦统一六国 结束战国纷乱 完成车同轨、书同文 开创大一统王朝后 匈奴一些部落觉得自己能行了 就开始南下 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">秦灭六国 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">图源@维基百科 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">▼ 那时秦国刚好国内局势混杂 便派出蒙恬率三十万大军北上 以图通过外战方式 稳定国内局势 或许是由于大军实力强大 也可能是匈奴部落间不合 蒙恬大军几个月就把他们赶了回去 为什么是赶? 匈奴毕竟是游牧民族 最大的特点是居无定所,又有坐骑 虽然打不过,但跑得快 连根铲除是不可能的 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">银川明长城 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">摄影师@宗刚 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">▼ 秦始皇便让蒙恬原地驻守 并在燕赵二国长城基础上再修建工事 《过秦论》中也有相应记载: “乃使蒙恬北筑长城而守藩篱,却匈奴七百余里。 胡人不敢南下而牧马,士不敢弯弓而报怨。” 我们都知道秦二世而亡 秦始皇寻长生不得而亡 秦二世胡亥暴政引发农民起义 中原纷争又起 匈奴也就更没人在意了 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">明长城与现代公路 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">摄影师@宗刚 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 12px;widows: 1;letter-spacing: 0.748px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(217, 33, 66);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">(请横屏观看) le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">▼ 在秦灭亡到汉建立这一期间 匈奴也因冒顿(mòdú)的出现 进入转折点 在各种史料中,都表明 冒顿杀父而自立 妻子、兄弟、后母都未能幸免 可谓“上位第一箭,先射身边人” 跟他比起来 唐太宗李世民都算“乖乖孩” 他在位期间,频繁对外扩张 不仅覆灭东胡、赶走月氏,而收河西 征服楼兰、乌孙等20余国,而控西域 也北上南兼浑窳、楼烦等国 重新占领河套平原 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">现存土耳其的冒顿雕像(想象) le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">图源@维基百科 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">▼ 等到西汉建立 匈奴不再是部落各自为战的 一盘散沙 已是一个北方草原最强大的 匈奴汗国 哪怕是后来汉高祖刘邦御驾亲征 也无法改变中原之兵 难以抵挡匈奴的局面 最终得到一个 被困白登山七天七夜 狼狈逃回国都的结果 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">汉高祖刘邦 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">▼ 因为匈奴的强大 让败回的刘邦意识到 “此时的国力无法支撑大规模战争, 如果匈奴继续南下,汉朝政权大概率会覆灭” 为了能尽快度过目前困境 避免王朝灭亡 汉决定对匈奴采取和亲政策 以换取喘息的时间 而这一喘,就是7代 等到汉第七位皇帝,汉武帝 中原王朝终于开始翻身了 匈奴悲歌、汉崛起之地:焉支山 西汉时期的匈奴帝国 强大到一个怎样的程度? 单论国土面积 西从西域、河西走廊 一直到东面的辽东半岛 完全不输中原王朝 但也因为地域广袤 匈奴将国土分为 左、中、右三部分 中为王庭,左右为贤王 其中王庭、左贤王管辖塞北 右贤王则管辖水草丰美的河西走廊 河西走廊示意图 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">制图@《地理公社》·杜卓异 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 12px;widows: 1;letter-spacing: 0.748px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(217, 33, 66);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">(请横屏观看)le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);white-space: normal;font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;visibility: visible;line-height: 1.6em;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;visibility: visible;line-height: 1.6em;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">▼ le="outline: 0px;color: rgb(89, 89, 89);text-align: center;font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;display: initial;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;visibility: visible !important;width: 578px !important;" src="//image109.360doc.com/DownloadImg/2023/04/1223/264278505_13_20230412111821316_wm.jpeg"> 对于汉武帝而言 与其穿过荒漠而去攻打匈奴 不如穿过河西,联络西域 以此借力覆灭匈奴 毕竟那时的西域 匈奴只能掌控而无法兼并 从地理位置上看 河西走廊东起乌鞘岭,西到星星峡 一边是平均海拔4000米的祁连山脉 一边是内蒙古高原及 环境极其恶劣的戈壁荒漠 张掖冰沟丹霞 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 12px;widows: 1;letter-spacing: 0.748px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(217, 33, 66);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">(请横屏观看)le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);white-space: normal;font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;visibility: visible;line-height: 1.6em;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;visibility: visible;line-height: 1.6em;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">▼ le="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;visibility: visible !important;width: 578px !important;" src="//image109.360doc.com/DownloadImg/2023/04/1223/264278505_14_20230412111822112_wm.jpeg"> 如果没有祁连山上千条河流的水源补给 也就没有这条长约1000公里的走廊 那些散落在走廊上的绿洲 更无法孕育 而那焉支山,虽有个“胭脂山”别称 是因山中盛产一种紫红色的红兰花 其汁液可用来做胭脂 故而得名 但绝不是因为匈奴失去它 就没有胭脂可用才悲歌 “失我焉支山,令我妇女无颜色” le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">焉支山位置图 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">制图@《中国自驾地理》 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">▼ 匈奴人把祁连山视为“天” 认焉支山为“天后” 它虽然是祁连山的一条支脉 但从地形图上就可以看出 焉支山刚好坐落在 河西走廊最窄处 祁连山与龙首山之间 要想穿过河西走廊 只能从焉支山两边绕过 犹如小区停车场的栏杆 你只能从这过 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">焉支山地理区位示意图 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">制图@《中国自驾地理》 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">▼ 谁拿下焉支山的制高点 就像小区物业设下停车场岗亭 “以后这条道,我说了算” 正因焉支山这种区位特殊性 而被视作河西东段真正的“咽喉” 并伴随着张掖、武威甘凉二州设立 “甘凉咽喉”自此而来 张掖平山湖 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-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;visibility: visible;line-height: 1.6em;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;visibility: visible;line-height: 1.6em;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">▼ le="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;visibility: visible !important;width: 578px !important;" src="//image109.360doc.com/DownloadImg/2023/04/1223/264278505_17_20230412111824206_wm.jpeg"> 焉支山之于河西走廊 正如耶路撒冷之于西方 匈奴不能失去焉支山 只因山南有丰富的水资源 孕育出广阔的大草原 是他们畜牧、生存的家园 西汉也不能不得到焉支山 毕竟“兵粮有备,则河西安 河西安,则关陕安,而中原安矣” 匈奴远遁,封狼居胥 汉武帝的一声令下 卫青、霍去病接连上阵 声势浩大的匈奴反击战 终于打响 元狩二年刚开春 骠骑将军霍去病率骑兵一万 就从陇西出发 渡黄河、穿祁连 绕过到焉支山南面而直取祁连城 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">霍去病两次进军河西路线示意图 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">制图@《中国自驾地理》 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">▼ 之后围绕着焉支山转战河西多月 降服浑邪王,纳四万匈奴归汉 击杀折兰王、卢侯王 斩匈奴九千人 最终匈奴败走河西 霍去病占领焉支山,掌控河西 但纵使击退匈奴 霍去病却并不觉得兴奋 反而时常在焉支山叹息 农耕为主的西汉 如何撑得住触之即走的匈奴骑兵呢? le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">霍去病剧照 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">▼ 匈奴可以依靠马匹骚扰 最终类似于秦、战国时期 重新把河西走廊占领 西汉虽有骑兵 但马匹质量终究比不上匈奴 在那个依靠牲畜动力的年代 战争中谁拥有强悍的战马 谁就赢得了主导权 往小了说,比如《三国演义》 吕布赤兔、刘备的卢 张飞乌骓、赵云白龙驹 这些马均给主人带来了极大助力 甚至于关羽得到赤兔后 因此以一敌万 于万军之中取敌将首级 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">关羽剧照 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">▼ 宋、元的交替 恰是宋朝缺失战马 而被北方游牧政权给覆灭掉了 霍去病是如何解决骑兵问题的? 答案就在焉支山 或者说依靠焉支山、祁连山而存在的 山丹草场 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">山丹军马场 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">摄影师@宗刚 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">▼ 这片肥沃的草场 本是匈奴养马之地 霍去病则取之用来营养兵马 因地处山丹 而得名山丹军马场 汉王朝有了自己的战马渠道 匈奴也没有进犯河西 也就安心锤炼骑兵 直到骑兵成型 才让时年22岁的霍去病 率五万骑兵深入漠北 寻歼匈奴,以荡涤漠南 史称漠北之战 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: 宋体;font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">山丹军马场 le="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 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