Spanking Is Ineffective and Harmful to Children,
Pediatricians’ Group Says
美国儿科医生组织称，
打孩子没用，还会伤害孩子
Nov. 5, 2018︱By Christina Caron
Parents should not spank their children, the American Academy of Pediatrics said on Monday in its most strongly worded policy statement warning against the harmful effects of corporal punishment in the home.
父母不应该打孩子，美国儿科学会周一在其政策声明中以最强烈的措辞，警告家庭中体罚会造成有害影响。
corporal punishment：体罚
The group, which represents about 67,000 doctors, also recommended that pediatricians advise parents against the use of spanking, which it defined as “noninjurious, openhanded hitting with the intention of modifying child behavior,” and said to avoid using nonphysical punishment that is humiliating, scary or threatening.
这一代表着大约67000名医生的组织还提出，儿科医生建议家长不要打孩子，并将打孩子定义为“以改变孩子行为为目的的、无伤害性的、徒手击打行为”，并说要避免使用带有侮辱性的、恐吓或威胁的非体罚方式。
noninjurious：非伤害性的
spanking：用手打孩子
openhanded：徒手
“One of the most important relationships we all have is the relationship between ourselves and our parents, and it makes sense to eliminate or limit fear and violence in that loving relationship,” said Dr. Robert D. Sege, a pediatrician at Tufts Medical Center and the Floating Hospital for Children in Boston, and one of the authors of the statement.
塔夫茨(Tufts)医学中心和波士顿儿童漂浮医院的儿科医生Robert D. Sege博士说：“对于我们来说最重要的人际关系之一就是我们与父母之间的关系，消除或减少这种爱的关系中的恐惧和暴力，是明智的。”他也是该声明的作者之一。
The academy’s new policy, which will be published in the December issue of the journal Pediatrics, updates 20-year-old guidance on discipline that recommended parents be “encouraged” not to spank. The organization’s latest statement stems from a body of research that was unavailable two decades ago.
该学会的新政策即将发表在12月的《儿科学》期刊上，这将是长达20年的行为管教指南的最新版本， “鼓励” 家长不要用手打孩子。该组织的这项最新声明是出自于一个研究机构，而这个机构20年前还没有成立。
stem from：源于
A 2016 analysis of multiple studies, for example, found that children do not benefit from spanking.
例如，针对2016年的多项研究的分析发现，被打屁股对孩子们来说并不管用。
“Certainly you can get a child’s attention, but it’s not an effective strategy to teach right from wrong,” Dr. Sege said.
Sege博士说：“当然，你会引起孩子的注意，但是想教给孩子区分对与错，这并不是一个有效的方法。”
Recent studies have also shown that corporal punishment is associated with increased aggression and makes it more likely that children will be defiant in the future. Spanking alone is associated with outcomes similar to those of children who experience physical abuse, the new academy statement says.
最近的研究还表明，体罚与更进一步的攻击性相关联，且增加儿童在未来的挑衅性。新的学会声明说，单纯是用手打孩子所造成的结果，就与那些经历身体虐待的儿童的表现很相似了。
aggression ：攻击，进攻
defiant：挑衅的；大胆的。
There are potential ramifications to the brain as well: A 2009 study of 23 young adults who had repeated exposure to harsh corporal punishment found reduced gray matter volume in an area of the prefrontal cortex that is believed to play a crucial role in social cognition. Those exposed to harsh punishment also had a lower performance I.Q. than that of a control group.
打孩子对大脑也有潜在的影响： 2009年一项对23名反复受到严厉体罚的年轻人的研究发现，前额皮质区域灰质组织减少，而前额皮质被认为在社会认知中起着关键作用。那些遭受严厉惩罚的人也比对照组表现出更低的智商。
ramification：衍生物，结果;
prefrontal cortex：前额皮质
Although the study was small in scope, it can help provide a biological basis for other observations about corporal punishment, Dr. Sege said.
虽然研究的范围不大，但它为研究体罚的其他的观察提供了一个生物学基础，Sege博士说。
So what is the best way to discipline children? That largely depends on the age and temperament of the child, experts say.
那么，什么是管教孩子的最好方法呢？专家说，这在很大程度上取决于孩子的年龄和性格。
temperament：性格；性情；气质。
Effective discipline involves practicing empathy and “understanding how to treat your child in different stages in development to teach them how to cool down when things do get explosive,” said Dr. Vincent J. Palusci, a child abuse pediatrician at Hassenfeld Children’s Hospital at N.Y.U. Langone.
纽约大学朗贡分校汉森福德儿童医院的儿童虐待儿科医生Vincent J. Palusci博士说，有效的管教包括移情练习，和“在事情发展的不同阶段该如何对待他们，并教他们当事态确实将要爆发时，应如何保持冷静”。
empathy：移情；共鸣；感同身受。
The number of parents who spank their children has been on the decline. A 2013 Harris Poll of 2,286 adults surveyed online found 67 percent of parents said they had spanked their children and 33 percent had not. In 1995, however, 80 percent of parents said they had spanked their children while 19 percent said they had not.
打孩子的父母的数量在下降。2013年哈里斯民意测验中的一项针对2286名成年人的在线调查发现，67%的父母说他们打过孩子，33%没有。然而，在1995，80%的父母说他们打过他们的孩子，而19%的父母说他们没有。
Attitudes about spanking are also changing. Although seven in 10 adults in the United States agreed a “good, hard spanking is sometimes necessary to discipline a child,” according to the 2014 General Social Survey, spanking has become less popular over time.
对打孩子的态度也在改变。尽管美国成年人十个人当中有七个同意“为了管教孩子，严厉地、狠狠地打一顿，有时是必要的”，但根据2014年的综合社会调查，随着时间推移，打孩子的越来越少了。
A recent survey of 1,500 pediatricians in the United States found that 74 percent did not approve of spanking and 78 percent thought spanking never or seldom improved children’s behavior.
最近一项对美国1500名儿科医生的调查发现，74%的儿科医生不赞成打孩子，78%的儿科医生认为打孩子从来、或基本上不能改善儿童的行为。
It’s a different situation among legislators and school administrators. Although corporal punishment in public schools is not permitted in 31 states and the District of Columbia, there are 19 states, mainly in the South, that either allow the practice or do not have specific rules prohibiting it.
立法者和学校管理者之间的情况有所不同。尽管在美国31个州和哥伦比亚特区不允许在公立学校实施体罚，但是还有19个州，主要是在南方，要么允许体罚，要么没有禁止体罚的具体规定。
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