玛丽亚·蒙台梭利
Through the centuries, there have been many different approaches to education in the classroom. Some have emphasized discipline and rote learning; others have stressed a more open approach. One of the more innovative and influential educational philosophies of the 20th century was developed and promoted by a teacher whose name has become emblematic of a certain style of education, and whose name still lives on as a prominent type of school: Maria Montessori.
几个世纪以来，对于课堂教育有着许多不同的方法。有些人强调纪律和死记硬背；有些人则强调更开放的方法。20世纪最具创新性和影响力的教育理念之一是由一位教师发展和推广出来的，她的名字已经成为某种教育风格的象征，而且以她的名字命名的学校仍然作为一个著名的学校类型在流行：玛丽亚·蒙台梭利。
Born in Italy in 1870, Maria Montessori was exceptional from the beginning. The only female attendee of an all-boys school, she excelled at her studies and eventually earned a degree that made her one of Italy’s first female doctors. She became interested in education, and in 1907, opened a child-care center in Rome called Casa del Bambini (Children’s House) that allowed her to put her educational theories into practice.
玛丽亚·蒙台梭利1870年出生于意大利，她从小就非常出色。作为唯一一名参加全男生学校的女性学员，她在学业上表现出色，并最终获得了学位，使她成为意大利最早的女医生之一。之后她对教育产生了兴趣，1907年，她在罗马开设了一家托儿中心，名为Casa del Bambini（儿童之家），使她能够将自己的教育理论付诸实践。
Foremost among her theories was the idea that children essentially teach themselves; the teacher’s primary responsibility is to create the appropriate environment for learning and provide the spark that allows children to develop naturally. Given the ability to be mobile and learn from their surroundings rather than being forced to sit still and be lectured to, most children, even rough inner-city kids, flourished under her system.
在她的理论中，最重要的是孩子们本质上是在自学；教师的首要责任是为学习创造适当的环境，为孩子们能自然地迸发出火花提供条件。考虑到孩子们能够活动并从周围环境中学习，而不是被迫坐着听别人讲课，大多数孩子，甚至是城市中心的粗野孩子，都在她的体制下茁壮成长。
What came to be called the Montessori Method was a great success in Italy and soon spread to the rest of the world. Montessori subsequently developed materials geared to the process of “discovery learning” that she had set in motion. Although in the United States the Method was criticized and fell into disfavor during the war years, it re-emerged in the 1960s and has remained an important part of America’s educational landscape since.
后来被称为蒙台梭利的方法在意大利取得了巨大成功，并很快传播到世界其他地方。蒙台梭利随后开发了适合她启动的“发现式学习”过程的材料。虽然在美国，这种方法在战争年代受到批评并且不受欢迎，但它在20世纪60年代重新出现，此后一直是美国教育界的一道靓丽的风景。
Montessori devoted her life to developing her method, and she thrived as a lecturer and teacher trainer. She also became interested in peace education and incorporated it into her work. She had been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize for the third time when she passed away in 1952, at the age 81.
蒙台梭利毕生致力于发展自己的教学方法，成为一名出色的讲师和教师培训师。她也对和平教育产生了兴趣，并将其纳入了她的工作中。她于1952年在她第三次获得诺贝尔和平奖提名时去世，享年81岁。
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