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美国官方机构钦定的下一代“长寿药”,原是老牌抗氧化剂再翻红?

导读

前段日子,我们与大家一同盘点了抗氧化剂家族中的代表物质,其中,一种天然来源于微藻的类胡萝卜素[1]引起了笔者关注,它便是号称“抗氧化王者”的虾青素——活性氧清除能力是生素C6000倍辅酶Q10800倍维生素E550倍多酚200倍花青素150倍α-硫辛酸75倍[2]。

图注:虾青素分子结构与从藻类提取制成的粉末

然而,今日虾青素被“点到名”,可绝非因这一连串“晃到眩目”的漂亮数字(对于一项15年前发表在非核心期刊、使用初级检测手法得到的结果,笔者持保留态度),而是在于其成为大名鼎鼎ITP计划的“天选之子”。

作为国家官方机构美国国家老龄化研究所,NIA)主导的高规格大型衰老干预项目,ITP计划在抗衰领域可谓举足轻重,就验证物质而言,经层层筛选后,每期最终入选的不过也就三五种。在这样激烈的角逐下,虾青素能脱颖而出,跻身“ITP家族”,难免惹人多看两眼。

虽说虾青素最终验证结果迟迟未出,能不能成为下一个香饽饽还乾坤未定,但近期,ITP计划“三大掌门人”之一、Paul F. Glenn衰老生物学研究中心主任Richard A. Miller在采访中透露:“在我们未公布的干预试验结果里,部分物质的结果令人兴奋,其一是虾青素。”

图注:Richard A. Miller教授采访截图

那么,在NIA正式公布验证结果前,我们不妨先整理下近年来虾青素在抗衰领域的重要发现,看看除了在老生常谈的抗氧化上所向披靡,虾青素还有哪些深藏不露的“御老之术”。

时光派的老读者们对“炎性衰老”这一概念绝不会陌生。与衰老如影随形并不断积累的慢性炎症,已被大量研究证实为心血管、神经系统疾病以及癌症、肌肉减少症等多种疾病的诱发因素[3, 4]。

如何及时“摁住”炎症肆虐的势头,对抗衰而言意义重大,而能够降低机体炎症水平(标志物有CRP、TNF-α等)的抗炎物质自是生逢其时。

在满目琳琅的抗炎物质里,虾青素依靠阻断炎症通路NF-κB与下游炎性因子基因表达(IL-6、TNF-α等)[5, 6],以及对细胞内COX-2(环氧合酶2)、NO(一氧化氮)的调控[7],占据了抗炎战区一席之地。

此外,多项人体临床研究还表明,虾青素可通过增强NK细胞、T细胞、B细胞等免疫细胞的数量或活性,调控免疫反应[8],帮助机体更好应对炎症这一不速之客。

2016年,诺贝尔生理学或医学奖再度被日本科学家摘得,“细胞自噬机制”也因此声名大噪。

顾名思义,自噬=自我吞噬=吃掉自己,是细胞通过溶酶体降解废弃蛋白质、细胞器等大分子的“废物再利用”过程[9]。在线虫、果蝇、小鼠等一众模式生物的研究中,都发现自噬对维持机体能量代谢稳态、调控细胞命运、延年益寿不可或缺[10, 11],还是不少正当红抗衰物质的靠山,如雷帕霉素、二甲双胍、亚精胺、尿石素A

兴许是眼红背靠自噬的兄弟们一路长虹,虾青素把“打不过就加入”贯彻到底,转身拥抱自噬。自2020年起,陆续有研究指出,虾青素作为一种优良的细胞自噬激活剂,可靶向线粒体,逆转其因年龄增长导致的数量、质量下降与功能障碍[12, 13],并具有改善老年相关黄斑变性[14]、神经退行性疾病[15, 16]的潜力。

其中,“虾青素的神经保护作用”尤得学界关注,毕竟对于不期而至的神经退行性疾病,即便是顶级富豪比尔·盖茨也曾在采访中透露“这是他最害怕的事情”。如若虾青素真能成为下一个“聪明药”,必将极大造福全人类的健康未来。

图注:顶级期刊Nature曾发行Insight特刊,对神经退行性疾病给予高度关注

作为一种程序性死亡过程,细胞凋亡贯穿于我们生命的全周期。在发育早期,这一过程能帮助我们选择性消除一些“不需要”的细胞,比如人类发育中手指间的皮膜(即蹼);成年后,细胞凋亡又能帮助我们清除体内已受损且无法被修复的细胞,并在预防癌症中发挥重要作用[17, 18]。

对于这一调控动物发育过程的必经之路,虾青素也当仁不让、参与其中。值得一提是,综合当下研究成果,虾青素似乎能依据细胞状态分别发出“促凋亡”或“抗凋亡”的指令。

例如,在癌细胞中,凋亡过程被阻止,细胞不受控制分裂进而形成肿瘤,而虾青素可通过上调BCL-2、Bax、Caspase-3促凋亡蛋白的基因表达,诱导细胞发生凋亡[19-21]。而对于正常细胞,虾青素则会“另眼相看”:调控p38/MAPKPI3K/AKT信号通路,并下调促凋亡蛋白[22, 23],避免过度凋亡诱导的神经退行性疾病多器官功能障碍综合征[24]。

时光派点评

梳理完种种虾青素的抗老法门,深感其深藏功与名,传于街头巷尾的出色抗氧化能力,不过只是其功效版图中的光鲜一角

但就如同Richard A. Miller教授在采访中提及的那样——“虾青素是一种非处方物质,非常普遍,无论从药店或是保健品售卖平台上,我们都可以轻松获得。”那么,面对这一品类繁多、流通已久的老牌物质,想收获ITP计划中的意外延寿效果,是否又会是某种特殊来源、独特结构、特别工艺的虾青素?

不过吧,与其现在就纠结是哪种虾青素,不如先等ITP计划公布虾青素的试验数据,是骡子还是马,还得拉出来遛遛,真想看看虾青素究竟憋了啥样的大招。

—— TIMEPIE ——

参考文献

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[8] Donoso, A., González-Durán, J., Muñoz, A. A., González, P. A., & Agurto-Muñoz, C. (2021). 'Therapeutic uses of natural astaxanthin: An evidence-based review focused on human clinical trials'. Pharmacological research, 166, 105479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105479

[9] Glick, D., Barth, S., & Macleod, K. F. (2010). Autophagy: cellular and molecular mechanisms. The Journal of pathology, 221(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.2697

[10] Nakamura, S., & Yoshimori, T. (2018). Autophagy and Longevity. Molecules and cells, 41(1), 65–72. https://doi.org/10.14348/molcells.2018.2333

[11] Hansen, M., Rubinsztein, D. C., & Walker, D. W. (2018). Autophagy as a promoter of longevity: insights from model organisms. Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology, 19(9), 579–593. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-018-0033-y

[12] Varghese, N., Werner, S., Grimm, A., & Eckert, A. (2020). Dietary Mitophagy Enhancer: A Strategy for Healthy Brain Aging?. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 9(10), 932. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9100932

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[14] Lewis Luján, L. M., McCarty, M. F., Di Nicolantonio, J. J., Gálvez Ruiz, J. C., Rosas-Burgos, E. C., Plascencia-Jatomea, M., & Iloki Assanga, S. B. (2022). Nutraceuticals/Drugs Promoting Mitophagy and Mitochondrial Biogenesis May Combat the Mitochondrial Dysfunction Driving Progression of Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Nutrients, 14(9), 1985. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091985

[15] Sorrenti, V., Davinelli, S., Scapagnini, G., Willcox, B. J., Allsopp, R. C., & Willcox, D. C. (2020). Astaxanthin as a Putative Geroprotector: Molecular Basis and Focus on Brain Aging. Marine drugs, 18(7), 351. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18070351

[16] Fu, M., Liang, X., Zhang, X., Yang, M., Ye, Q., Qi, Y., Liu, H., & Zhang, X. (2022). Astaxanthin delays brain aging in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 10: inducing autophagy as a potential mechanism. Nutritional neuroscience, 1–11. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/1028415X.2022.2055376

[17] https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/apoptosis

[18] Elmore S. (2007). Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicologic pathology, 35(4), 495–516. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926230701320337

[19] Kim, M. S., Ahn, Y. T., Lee, C. W., Kim, H., & An, W. G. (2020). Astaxanthin Modulates Apoptotic Molecules to Induce Death of SKBR3 Breast Cancer Cells. Marine drugs, 18(5), 266. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18050266

[20] Hormozi, M., Ghoreishi, S., & Baharvand, P. (2019). Astaxanthin induces apoptosis and increases activity of antioxidant enzymes in LS-180 cells. Artificial cells, nanomedicine, and biotechnology, 47(1), 891–895. https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2019.1580286

[21] Kavitha, K., Kowshik, J., Kishore, T. K., Baba, A. B., & Nagini, S. (2013). Astaxanthin inhibits NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways via inactivation of Erk/MAPK and PI3K/Akt to induce intrinsic apoptosis in a hamster model of oral cancer. Biochimica et biophysica acta, 1830(10), 4433–4444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.05.032

[22] Guo, S. X., Zhou, H. L., Huang, C. L., You, C. G., Fang, Q., Wu, P., Wang, X. G., & Han, C. M. (2015). Astaxanthin attenuates early acute kidney injury following severe burns in rats by ameliorating oxidative stress and mitochondrial-related apoptosis. Marine drugs, 13(4), 2105–2123. https://doi.org/10.3390/md13042105

[23] Wu, H., Niu, H., Shao, A., Wu, C., Dixon, B. J., Zhang, J., Yang, S., & Wang, Y. (2015). Astaxanthin as a Potential Neuroprotective Agent for Neurological Diseases. Marine drugs, 13(9), 5750–5766. https://doi.org/10.3390/md13095750

[24] Kam, P. C., & Ferch, N. I. (2000). Apoptosis: mechanisms and clinical implications. Anaesthesia, 55(11), 1081–1093. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2044.2000.01554.x

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