巴塞罗那土木工程学院是加泰罗尼亚唯一一所教授土木工程的中心。其主要目标是培养具有扎实的科学培训和强大的管理技能的土木、海事和环境工程方面的高素质专业人才。巴塞罗那土木工程学院的学生能够应对复杂的挑战并适应不断变化的商业和社会环境，为其可持续发展做出贡献。
在土木工程领域，学校是欧洲最负盛名的中心之一，基于教学质量和高水平研究活动的卓越性。另一方面，学校有一个由专业团队组成的行政部门，其主要任务是提供最优质的服务。
本文是该学校“结构与建筑工程”专业2020年的一篇硕士毕业论文。让我们看一下西班牙的工程硕士论文大概什么水平~
结构与建筑工程硕士提供结构工程和建筑方面的扎实教育。学习计划允许 3 条路线：结构分析、技术或结构和施工。因此，它侧重于结构分析和设计、施工过程、项目和工程的有效管理、其环境和社会经济影响以及可持续性。硕士授予建筑和土木结构的设计和施工技能，成为一名高素质的专业人士，并有科学的基础继续攻读博士学位。
Modular construction and overview on its potential advantages and constraints in the project management perspective从项目管理的角度看模块化建设及其潜在优势和制约因素综述
以下是本文的引用及附录。
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Anexo 1
a)Indicators resources
o Prefabricated Steel Modular (PSM)
Table A1. 1 – Cost of project PSM (Hammad, 2019)
Table A1. 2 -Time of project PSM (Hammad, 2019)
Table A1. 3 - Energy utilized during construction (Hammad, 2019)
Figure A1. 1 - Injury risks for workers (Hammad, 2019)
Figure A1. 2 - Average A-weighted equivalent sound level for construction methods (Hammad, 2019)
Table A1. 4 - Material consumption & Embodied energy used and Embodied energy saved & Re-use amount (Aye, 2011)
Figure A1. 3 - Co2 amount (Aye, 2011)
o Prefabricated Concrete Modular (PCM)
Figure A1. 4 - Total project cost (Balasbaneh, 2020)
Figure A1. 5 - Date of the article’s publishment to find the currency exchange rate based on the date
Figure A1. 6 - Currency converter MYR to AUD (www.xe.com/currencyconverter)
Figure A1. 7 - Greenhouse gas emission (Balasbaneh, 2020)
oPrefabricated Timber Modular (PTM)
Figure A1. 8 - Co2 emission (Aye, 2011)
Table A1. 5 - Material consumption & Embodied energy used and Embodied energy saved & Re-use amount (Aye, 2011)
oTraditional Reinforced Concrete (TRC)
Table A1. 6 6 - Project's cost (Hammad, 2019)
Table A1. 7 - Project's schedule (Hammad, 2019
Table A1. 8 - Energy utilised during construction process (Hammad, 2019)
Figure A1. 9 - Injury risks for workers (Hammad, 2019)
Figure A1. 10 - Noise level (Hammad, 2019)
Figure A1. 11 - Greenhouse gas emission (Aye, 2011)
Table A1. 9 - Re-use amount, Embodied energy used, and Embodied energy saved (Aye, 2011)
Anexo 2
1. Survey Q & A
Q How many years of experience do your company have in modular construction industry?
Table A2. 1 - Professional experience of the company
Company
Responses
A
10-15
B
10-15
C
20-30
D
20-30
E
30-50
Q How many years of experience do you have in the modular/traditional construction? and what is your job position?
Table A2. 2 - Personal experience of participant
Company
Responses
A
15 years.
B
13 years, sales manager
C
30 years, of which the last 25 have been as design
architect
D
Quantity Surveyor
E
3 years, Foreign Trade Manager
Q What types of modules your company products in terms of material?
Table A2. 3 - Type of modules
Company
Responses
A
Wood Steel
B
Wood;
C
Wood;
D
Wood;
E
Counter and Fibber cabins; Steel;
Q Which types of projects you did so far?
Table A2. 4 - Type f projects
Company
Responses
A
Residential houses;
B
Schools; Residential houses; Commercial buildings;
C
Residential houses;
D
Schools; Residential houses; Hospital; Commercial buildings;
E
Schools; Residential houses; hospital; Commercial buildings;
Q Num. of employees, num. of factories and num. of modules build
Table A2. 5 - Characteristics of production range
Company
Responses
A
80 employees, 1 factory, 200 mods/year
B
130, 1, 490
C
15
D
50 Employees 2 factories 80 build
E
250 employees, 2 factories, 100.000 m2 prefabricated, 5000 containers, 1000 cabinets,
TURKEY
Q What was your motivation to choose/work in modular construction?
Table A2. 6 - Motivation for doing modular construction
Company
Responses
A
High demands in market and lack of provide; Innovation;
B
Economic profit;
C
Environmental benefits; High demands in market and lack of provide; Innovation;
Shorter construction schedule due to need; Economic profit;
D
Shorter construction schedule due to need; Innovation;
E
Economic profit;
Q Do you have sup-contracts for your panels, or they had built in your factories? what is the reason for this decision?
Table A2. 7 - Panel production conditions
Company
Responses
A
build our own
B
PE design and approvals, fire suppression design and installation, ceramic tile, Energy
Star design and inspection are all subcontracted
C
All built in house in our own workshop. We have developed our own unique systems
which are not available elsewhere.
D
build in factory - programme, cost
E
EPS isolated panels are produced in our factories. The other are being purchased from domestic market. Standard is EPS isolation, and its fixed costs are lower because of
quantity. The others are not standard, investment in production is not feasible.
Q What is the level of automation technologies you use in off-site and on-site production and assembly?
Table A2. 8 - Level of automation
Company
Responses
A
Extraordinarily little today, investing in this heavily this year. want to get to 80%
B
%20
C
Off-site 60%, on site 20%
D
%20
E
%60
Q Does A modular project have a smaller number of labours? Less wages of salary off- site and on-site due to specialization of workforce? Does the more value added in each hour of work can compensate?
Table A2. 9 - Laboral status
Company
Responses
A
Fewer labour hours and at less cost per hour. 1 hour in the factory is equal to 4 on site.
B
Prefabricated systems-built modular construction generally has a smaller on-site labour
force for a shorter period.
C
Labour similar, but more efficient working off site.
D
Yes (less no. of workers and wages) - no need for special work force
E
-
Q Do you have any case of recycle and reuse the structural/non-structural elements in your projects?
Table A2. 10 - Recycle and Re-use
Company
Responses
A
Yes
B
Yes
C
No
D
No
E
Yes
Q Do you upgrade the modules with other environmentally friendly technologies such as solar panels in your projects? Please give us some examples.
Table A2. 11 - Innovative technology integration
Company
Responses
A
Our homes are all self-powered. only company in the world to be doing this.
B
This factory allows for site installation of solar panels and other energy savings processes on site by the independent builder/buyer of our modular building materials. Modular makes the most sense to be used by architects and builders
with environmentally friendly tech.
C
Modules (flat packed floor, wall, and roof components) are constructed of ply, and highly insulated with non-petroleum-based insulation (recycled glass, as a
fibre). Solar panels fitted as an add on to completed building.
D
None yet not been asked
E
Solar technology is YES
Q Automation in off-site production, generates less or more waste of material? There are some argues about less waste generation in manual activities because of better sense of material resistance by normal labour (wooden material for instance).
Table A2. 12 - Automation status on waste generation
Company
Responses
A
we are not automated yet but believe automation will be much more efficient use of
materials.
B
In our experience as a custom modular manufacturer, automation has a significant cost
that may not be recoverable for many months if not years- millions of dollars in cost of
components, set up and training versus hourly wage and benefits of trained factory
workers.
C
Waste is much reduced, and a proportion of the waste is remanufactured to smaller
items or sold on to handymen.
D
Would be less waste but we do not use much automation
E
-
Q How much reduction does off-site modular construction has in generating “waste” in comparison with traditional construction methods?
Table A2. 13 - Reduction of waste
Company
Responses
A
70% less waste
B
I am unable to provide an answer to this question.
C
As we are timber people, emissions are low regardless of construction methods. Steel and concrete use are kept to a minimum, and these are the high emission
materials.
D
We are still working on our carbon footprint
E
% 15 less carbon emission
Q How much reduction has in “energy consumption” off-site in comparison with conventional on-site construction? What about during the operation phase?
Table A2. 14 - Energy consumption status
Company
Responses
A
Our homes are not positive from an energy perspective.
B
Energy consumption of a factory is known and relatively constant on a weekly, monthly, and annual basis. The modular components for a two-box ranch style house require 3 workdays on our factory floor and 4 more days in final finish, prior to shipment. A competent and experienced modular builder can many times finish the entire project
using modules in 8-10 weeks from ground-breaking to issuance of the CO. A similar site- built house could require as much as 4 months for the same completion.
C
Not assessed, but doubt there is much difference.
D
We are still working on our carbon footprint
E
% 30 energy saving
Q Did you deliver any projects for providing emergency services in Covid-19 period? You can mention the projects in the other section.
Table A2. 15 - Delivery of projects in COVID-19 pandemic period
Company
Responses
A
No
B
No
C
No
D
No
E
Yes
Q Did you construct any projects for world aid organizations and charities? You can mention them in the other section.
Table A2. 16 - Aid organization project delivery
Company
Responses
A
No
B
No
C
No
D
No
E
Yes
Q Do you offer post-sale services to your clients?
Table A2. 17 - Post-sale services to client
Company
Responses
A
Yes
B
No
C
Yes
D
Yes
E
Yes
Q How much was your initial costs estimate (Factory set up etc.)? How long was the investment’s payback period?
Table A2. 18 - Initial costs
Company
Responses
A
20 million Canadian dollar/ 5-year payback
B
What costs? Factory set up or cost of modular product sold to builders? What about
labour, engineering, transportations, etc….
C
The business has been building up over decades, so it is not possible to isolate specific
costs.
D
-
E
15 million USD/ 5 years
Q Which factors can change the initial costs?
Table A2. 19 - Effective factors on initial costs
Company
Responses
A
Level of automation; Product types and production range; Less sub-contracts; Site location;
B
Design of modular building- i.e. roof system, high wind, heavy snow loads, etc…; Product
types and production range; Site location;
C
Financing; Level of automation; Product types and production range; Less sub-contracts;
D
Level of automation; Product types and production range; Site location;
E
Level of automation; Product types and production range;
Q Can component re-use, building portability, and the life cycle value of materials be used as a strategy to “compensate” for higher initial construction costs?
Table A2. 20 - Re-use effect on budget
Company
Responses
A
-
B
We use many lumber cut-offs, PVC drainpipes and conduit, and dry wall pieces over many modular orders. Unusable drywall, shingle and PVC pieces are
collected and sent out for recycling. Wood is collected and recycled into mulch product or used for heating by others.
C
Not easily. Our methods (flat pack) due not lend themselves to building
portability.
D
-
E
50 years life span of the products
Q Which factors did you consider for choosing modular construction over traditional method?
Table A2. 21 - positive factors about modular construction to be chosen
Company
Responses
A
traditional construction is broken;
B
Speed, ease, and cost of overall construction; Transportation costs and boundaries; Local salary wages; Existence of experts;
Environmentally friendly;
C
Transportation costs and boundaries; Local salary wages; Existence
of experts; Environmentally friendly;
D
Transportation costs and boundaries; Local salary wages;
E
Transportation costs and boundaries; Local salary wages;
Environmentally friendly;
Q Do use BIM in your projects? what are the challenges in using BIM?
Table A2. 22 - Use of BIM in projects
Company
Responses
A
100% BIM from conceptual to finished models.
B
No
C
No
D
No
E
No
Q What effects the production line can have on the design? Are there any boundaries on the architectural design?
Table A2. 23 - Influence of production line on design
Company
What effects the production line can have on the design? Are there any
boundaries on the architectural design?
A
No. you just need to design with our subassemblies in mind.
B
This factory maximum module dimension capability is 15’9:
C
Workshop prefabrication gives the architect far more design freedom.
D
Width of building for transport to make economically viable
E
No
Q Is there any lack of knowledge from architects or design engineers in modular industry about production line processes, transportation limitations etc.?
Table A2. 24 - Lack of knowledge among experts
Company
Responses
A
Yes
B
No
C
N/A
D
Yes
E
Yes
Q How state transport regulation and approval can harm the projects in cost and time?
Have you experience delays in your schedules because of those?
Table A2. 25 - Transportation regulation effect on projects
Company
How state transport regulation and approval can harm the projects
in cost and time? Have you experience delays in your schedules because of those?
A
Yes. Some areas are slow to respond.
B
Yes. Some states in the US are more difficult to ship oversized and
“super loads” through. This adds both time and expense to the projects.
C
No. Our company prefabricates and flat packs, so all components are
within or close to legal load limits.
D
No
E
Yes
Q Does the concept of transportable materials add extra costs on the project? Do the reduction of material waste and multiple discounts can “compensate the loss”?
Table A2. 26 – Transportable material choice and its effects
Company
Does the concept of transportable materials add extra costs on the project? Do the reduction of material waste and multiple discounts
can “compensate the loss”?
A
Transportation costs are offset by speed of production and reduced
financing costs for the project.
B
Not significantly.
C
See 26. The reverse applies.
D
No
E
No
Q What are the difficulties in using automation in off-site production processes?
Table A2. 27 - Challenges of using automation
Company
Responses
A
Codding; Integration with advanced software;
B
Cost;
C
-
D
Integration with advanced software;
E
Codding; Cost; Lower salaries of manual processes by labour;
Q Which problems exist in modular construction in terms of contracts? What are the solutions?
Table A2. 28 - Contract condition in modular industry
Company
Which problems exist in modular construction in terms of contracts? What are the
solutions?
A
Every state has a different building code. need a universal code.
B
In some cases, the end home buyer believes the factory to be the "builder" and the actual independent builder to be a sales agent for the factory. Our company addresses this through accuracy in the relationship described on our website and social media, as well as requiring the builder's customer to sign a "disclosure acknowledgement" from that
describes the relationship in detail.
C
Banks do not recognise work done until it is erected on site. This creates cash flow
pressure where bank finance is involved.
D
-
E
Delivery on time
Q What are the challenges in defining responsibilities among participants of a project due to the changing most of the activities to precast solutions?
Table A2. 29 - Participation status in modular projects
Company
What are the common errors than can harm the synchronization of productivity between off-site production, transportation, and on-site installation progress? For
instance, less demands on-site caused...
A
Lack of quality partners on site that see the benefits of modular and therefore
increase their pricing.
B
The builder owns the responsibility to ensure that site work is done on time and correctly. Delays in this can result in postponed transport of product and interest
through demurrage charges.
C
Provided control is tight, none.
D
-
E
-
Q Considering all components are prefabricated offsite, what is the role of an outside general contractor?
Table A2. 30 - Role of outside general constructor
Company
Responses
A
will always need some component of site work to complete the project.
B
An outside general contractor is the independent builder. The modular factory is a material vendor to the general contractor. The general contractor is responsible for all site work and permits, as well as storage- installation- and finish of the modular
product forming the house or structure they are building.
C
We do not use outside general contractors. All stages from earliest concept design to
completed building are in house.
Q How often advantageous changes must be done in the production line and what are the challenges?
Table A2. 31 - Changes in production line and its effects
Company
Responses
A
Slows down production
B
This company incorporates changes to product materials or procedures between orders. A
change in process will not occur that affects only some of the components of an order.
C
Not sure I can answer that ion the space. All means of production have advantages and
challenges. We have chosen methods and stick to them.
Q Do you have sub-contracted players involved in your project for site preparation and foundation phase etc.? why?
Table A2. 32 - Site preparation status
Company
Do you have sub-contracted players involved in your project for site preparation
and foundation phase etc.? why?
A
Yes. Because we are selling in many geographic areas, we need local representation.
B
No. This is the responsibility of our customer- the general contractor/independent
builder.
C
Yes. Under direct supervision. Their equipment is expensive, and not portable. It
makes sense to use local contractors for footings.
D
-
E
Yes
Q If the onsite foundation is constructed by an outside general contractor, are there additional challenges at the interface in terms of a technology gap, the equipment or tools used, the construction experience of workers, or in scheduling and phasing of construction?
Table A2. 33 - Challenges with sub-contractors for site preparation phase
Company
If the onsite foundation is constructed by an outside general contractor, are there additional challenges at the interface in terms of a technology gap, the equipment or tools used, the
construction…
A
we need to educate most local subs on our process and reason for doing things a certain way.
B
Not that directly affects the factory.
C
No.
D
-
E
-
Q What are the wrong perceptions about modular products among market and public?
Table A2. 34 - Wrong perceptions for modular products
Company
What are the wrong perceptions about modular products among market and public?
A
that their only quality is being cheaper.
B
In the USA many people, the media, and even professional engineers do not understand
the capabilities of modular construction. Many people continue to confuse this form of construction with HUD, on frame products.
C
With our methods (flat pack) that prefabrication reduces the design options. The
reverse is the case.
Q What strategies are taken among manufacturers to either improve the public perception of modular construction or to promote its advantages to architects and potential clients?
Table A2. 35 - Solutions for wrong perceptions
Company
What strategies are taken among manufacturers to either improve the public perception of modular construction or to promote its advantages to
architects and potential clients?
A
Going fast. Proving the superior nature of our homes by getting more of them
into the world.
B
There is some cooperation between builders, manufacturers, architects, and engineers to educate the public. The national entity is the Modular Home
Builders Association. See https://www.modularhousing.com/
C
Nothing specific. We advertise our advantages, and it is enough.
Q Any other challenges and recommended solutions for them that you want to add please?
Table A2. 36 - Recommendations
Company
Responses
A
-
B
-
C
The capital cost of equipment. Specialised digital equipment is expensive,
making it difficult for small and medium companies to enter the market.
