black out的由来
澳大利亚、印度尼西亚等国对应急发电机black out的测试，经常出现滞留情况。发电机black out 是指系统全部停电而处于全“黑”状态，通过具有自启动能力发电机启动，带动无自启动能力的机组，直至电力系统全面恢复和供电。坦白的讲这个测试，对船舶的营运和船员工作有一定负担，特别是装卸货期间，不过大佬们要测试也没办法，特别是一些不讲道理的。公约中怎么规定的呢？随意摘抄几条相关的。
SOLASII-1第: 41条：Main source of electrical power and lighting systems规定：2.2 The arrangement of the main electric lighting system shall be such thata fire or other casualty in spaces containing the main source of electrical power, associated transforming equipment, if any, the main switchboard and the main lighting switchboard, will not render the emergency electric lighting system required by regulations 42.2.1 and 42.2.2 or 43.2.1, 43.2.2 and 43.2.3 inoperative.
第43：3.1 Where the emergency source of electrical power is a generator, is shall be ：
.1 driven by a suitable prime mover with an independent supply of fuel, having a flashpoint (closed cup test) of not less than 43o C；
.3 provided with a transitional source of emergency electrical power as specified in paragraph 4 unless an emergency generator is provided capable both of supplying the services mentioned in that paragraph and of being automatically started and supplying the required load as quickly as is safe and practicable subject to a maximum of 45 s.
3.4 For ships constructed on or after 1 July 1998, where electrical power is necessary to restore propulsion, the capacity shall be sufficient to restore propulsion to the ship in conjunction with other machinery, as appropriate, from a dead ship conditionwithin 30 min after blackout.
相关公约比较多，翻译下
1、船舶应提供应急电源以便船舶可以在应急条件下启动。
2、应急发电机最长应在45秒范围之内，自动起动并对规定负载供电。而不是所谓的28秒，当然28秒是一些船舶说明书中的设置。
3、1998年7月1日之后建造的船舶应在30分钟内从瘫船回复到动力推进。这也意味着瘫船或失电演习应在30分钟内完成。
4、另外顺便提下船舶主发电机至少两台，也就是三台有一台损坏，不足以开具缺陷，要进行功率核算。
一般PSCO会要求船员演示应急发电机black out 测试，有经验的船员会通知驾驶台要进行操作，并将相关设备关闭。下图是应急配电板模拟测试按钮，提醒各位测试时注意。
0根据对东京备忘录近期应急发电机故障的统计，涉及黑启动的缺陷常以下列形式出现：
04114Emergency generator failed to automatically connect to emergency switchboard. S74. (ISM)应急发电机无法自动连接应急配电板30
04114During emergency generator running, emergency switchboard failed to supply electricity power to main switchboard.描述有瑕疵30
04114Remote quick closing device wire for emergency generator fuel oil storage TK broken.(ism)17
04114Sequence test of emergency generator failed to simulate test and no.2 start battery no power.(ism)2号电池没电，同时应急发电机模拟测试失败17
04114Crew not familiar to test automatic start emergency generator simulation black out. (ISM)船员不熟悉应急发电机black out 测试99
04114Emergency Generator secondary means of start (mechanical ) inoperative.17
04114Emergency generator not operational.30
04114Emergency generator FO tank cover leak.17
04114Emergency generator unable to connect to emergency switchboard automatically when there is loss of electrical power. (ISM)30
04114Emergency generator not possible to start because batteries for start generator out of power. (ISM)30
04114Emergency generator unable to be started on No.1 set of batteries. (ISM)17
04114Frequency of emergency generator not set properly.17
04114Emergency generator unable to automatically connect to emergency switchboard in the evert of blackout.30
04114Emergency generator found with permanent water cooling level fault.17
041143rd Officer does not know to start Emergency Generator.99
04114Emergency Generator Room-needs to clean.17
04114Emergency generator tank leak of oil (drain, suction valve).17
04114Second set of battery for emergency diesel generator defective. (ISM)30
04114No.1 starting battery of E/G cannot be charge and discharge by the emergency switch board E/G cannot be started by No.1 starting battery.30
04114Starting air for emergency generator leaking.17
04114When emergency generator running, start fail alarm display on the emergency panel.17
04114Emergency generator room exhaust fan no power when emergency generator running.17
04114Indicator lamp of emergency generator running on emergency panel-malfunction.17
04114Emergency generator unable to be started from fitted batteries (ISM)30
04114Emergency generator auto start, defective. (ISM)30
04114Emergency generator was unable to be started using No.2 battery set.17
04114Duty engineers not familiar with the arrangement and operation of emergency generator. (ISM)17
04114Emergency Generator fail to start on auto/test simulation and on manual from batteries - no spare batteries available17
04114Emergency generator when operational in manual and on load, frequency is above 65 Hz. (ISM)当应急发电机手动带负荷测试时，频率为65HZ17
有朋友留言讲不晓得应急发电机模拟测试、手动测试、三次启动失败报警测试如何操作。应急发电机公约要求1、位置：最高连续甲板之上，不在防撞舱壁之前。2、供电：45S之内启动并供电，保证供电18小时，客轮为36小时。3、型式：应急蓄电池组或应急发电机；如为应急蓄电池组，应急配电板和应急蓄电池组不能再一个处所。如为应急发电机，应急配电板应和应急发电机在一个处所，同时如45s内可以自动启动，可以不设小应急（蓄电池组），反之，必须设立小应急。
4、配电板：发电机功率如超过3MW，需设立两块配电屏，应急发电机一般达到不了这个功率，如达到这个功率，一般会超过375KW，这个处所应按照A类机器处所处理，消防等防护要求高很多。5、启动方式：1994年10月1日后的规定是这样的，a、两套独立的启动装置（statting system），满足要求。b、一套启动装置，启动energy能够连续启动三次，且受保护，并设有第二能源energy,30分钟内启动三次，认为满足。c、人工启动测试方法1、blackout测试
应急发电机有原动机和发电机组成，仅仅启动发动机是测试不了性能好坏的，一定要励磁后才可以测试。上图所示应急电和主电路通过应急配电板上的联络开关进行转换。通过它的通电或不通电而接通应急发电机的启动电路，比如在主发电机供电期间该装置通电，它连接应急发电机启动的两个触点是打开的，此时应急发电机的启动电路被锁定，当主配电板失电后，该装置立即断电，原先打开的这个触点闭合，直接导致应急发电机的启动电路被接通，这相当于向应急发电机发出一个自动启动的信号。但是（一般但是后面是重点），船上不可能测试应急发电机功能的时候将主电源断电，因此设置了模拟测试开关，模拟开关如下图，有了模拟开关，可以在不断开主电源的情况下，测试应急发电机的好坏。测试方法如下：将模拟开关打到测试位置或O位置，应急控制系统发出模拟断电信号，应急配电板与主配电之间的联络开关断开，应急设备失去电力，开始测试，可以发现应急发电机见的应急灯熄灭。然后应急发电机应该在45秒内启动并对应急配电板供电,应急灯亮，说明应急电源系统供电良好。实验结束，将模拟开关驳回Normal位置，自动控制系统，检测到有电，应急发电机停止运转。
对于没有模拟测试按钮的应急发电机，可以将主配电板和应急配电板之间的联络开关拉下，造成主发电机不能向应急配电板供电从而使应急发电机自动启动并向连接在应急配电板上的设备供电，（这种情况肯定会有小应急蓄电池）如下图。
2、三次启动失败测试这个测试相对简单，关闭燃油管路，然后拨动模拟测试开关，如三次启动失败后，储能保护装置报警并切断启动电路，说明系统良好。精选留言captain mick模拟并电测试，公约非强制性！PSC分委会(作者)您老，去看看电工原理付旭航行中也敢测试，等着跳电吧黑炭哥如果没有模拟测试开关，在航行中如果断主电源来测试应急发电机，比较危险！因此不会建议！前面说如果45秒内不能自己启动并供电才会设置小应急，为什么没有模拟测试开关的情况下也要设置小应急那？PSC分委会(作者)航行中测试用captain mick这是非强制性要求，后面注上，如：非强制性要求，或公约无具体规定，想知道航行中测试吗，发红包啦！PSC分委会(作者)除了money，都好商量captain mick你把公约依据找出来了！PSC分委会(作者)原理在那放着，航行中怎么测试
来源：PSCReady
