本体论：[源自希腊文：logos（理论）和ont（是，或存在）]（严格地说，应译做“是论”或“存在论”。）在17世纪，学者们创造了拉丁词“ontologia”，指称形而上学的一分支，以区分其他分支，即理性神学，理性宇宙论和理性心理学。C.沃尔夫为这一术语的盛行运作了不少贡献。作为形而上学的一般性的或理论性的部分，作为关于“是”的一般理论。本体论常常用以指整个形而上学。本体论关注“是”本身（即亚里士多德的作为“是”的是）的本质特性，其主要的问题包括“什么是‘是’或什么存在？”“什么样的事物在第一意义上存在？”以及“不同种类的‘是’如何互相联系？”对“是”的意义的研究始于巴门尼德，在亚里士多德中得到了系统的讨论。在本世纪，海德格尔和奎因采取了极不相同的本体论研究方式。海德格尔问如果人类意识具有所“是”的本质，“是”必须具有什么特征。奎因提出其格言“‘是’即一约束变项的值”来决定一个理论可确定其存在的是什么事物。他的本体相对性主张表明，我们可以认为存在的事物相对于我们引入当下环境中的理论和语言。
“关于逻辑与本体论或形而上学之间的密切关系的普遍思想，就像千丝聚一线，横穿从亚里士多德至今的整个哲学史。”
——斯特劳森：《分析与形而上学》
ontology：
[fromGreek logos, theory + ont, being]
The Latin term ontologia was introduced in the seventeenthcentury for a branch of metaphysics to be distinguished from other branches,namelyrational theology, rational cosmology, and rational psychology. ChristianWolff did much to gain acceptance for the term. As the theoretical or general partof metaphysics and as the general theory of being, ontology is often used formetaphysics as a whole. Ontology deals with the essential characteristics ofbeing itself (of Aristotle’s being qua being), and asks questions such as “Whatis or what exists?,” “What kind of thing exists primarily?” and “How are differentkinds of being related to one another?” The investigation of the meaning ofbeing began with Parmenides and received a systematic discussion in Aristotle.In this century, Heidegger and Quine have taken completely different approachesto ontology. Heidegger asks what character being must have if humanconsciousness is to be what it is. Quine proposes his maxim “To be is to be thevalue of a bound variable” to determine what things a theory claims to exist.His doctrine of ontological relativity suggests that what we can take to existis relative to the theory and language that we bring to the situation.
“The use of the term ‘ontology’to refer to metaphysics appears in early modern philosophy and is still with us. Indeed, many contemporary metaphysicians speak of their discipline as ontology.”
——Gracia, Metaphysics and Its Task
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