第2讲 代词
I① am a senior high schoolstudent and I① want to join our②school football team，butthe person in charge has rejected me③.I have to spend my②spare time practicing football to improve myself④.Look!The football under the bed is mine⑤.It has been worn out.
[规则感悟] ①为人称代词的主格形式作主语。②为形容词性物主代词，放在名词之前作定语。③为人称代词的宾格形式作宾语。④为反身代词，可作宾语、表语或同位语。⑤为名词性物主代词，后面不加名词，可作主语、宾语或表语。
(一)代词的形式
类别
主格
宾格
形容词性物主代词
名词性物主代词
反身代词
第一人称
I
me
my
mine
myself
we
us
our
ours
ourselves
第二人称
you
you
your
yours
yourself
you
you
your
yours
yourselves
第三人称
he
him
his
his
himself
she
her
her
hers
herself
it
it
its
its
itself
they
them
their
theirs
themselves
(二)反身代词的习惯用法
与介词搭配
by oneself独自地
for oneself亲自；为自己
of oneself自动地
in oneself本质上；本身
与动词搭配
apply oneself to专心致志于
behave oneself举止得体；行为检点
dress oneself打扮；自己穿衣
devote oneself to致力于；献身于
help oneself to随便吃/用
enjoy oneself玩得开心
seat oneself就座；入席
make yourself at home别客气
teach oneself自学
(三)it的用法
1．指天气、时间、距离、环境等。
It is early spring，but it is alreadyvery hot.
现在是初春，但是天气已经很热了。
It is twenty miles from hereto the village.
从这里到那个村庄有20英里路。
2．代替前面提过的事物、群体、想法等或代替指示代词。
Although he doesn’tlike it，Idecide to see the movie anyway.尽管他不喜欢看这部电影，但我还是决定去看一看。
3．指不知性别的孩子和婴儿或不明确的人(由于某种原因而不知对方是谁)。
What will you call itif it is a boy?
要是男孩的话，你会给他取个什么名字？
4．用作形式主语或形式宾语，代替不定式、动名词或从句。
(1)it作形式主语的常用句型：
①It＋be＋adj./n.＋for/of sb＋不定式
It is important for studentsto learn English well.对学生来说学好英语是重要的。
It was foolish of him toleave the door open after he left the office.
他离开办公室之后没关门，真是糊涂了。
②Itis no good/use/useless doing sth.做某事是没有好处/用处的。
It is no use crying overthe spilt milk.
为打翻的牛奶而哭泣是没有用处的。(覆水难收。)
③It＋be＋名词词组(a pity/a fact/no wonder...)/adj.＋that从句
It is a pity that you can’tgo with her.
很遗憾你不能和她一起去。
④It＋特殊动词(短语)(seem/appear/turn out/occurto sb...)＋that从句
It seems that he has madea serious mistake.
他似乎犯了一个严重的错误。
⑤It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句
It is reported that 20 peoplewere killed in the earthquake.
据报道有20人死于这次地震。
⑥Ittakes sb time/patience/effort/energy to do sth
It took him much energy towrite the novel.
写这部小说耗费了他大量的精力。
(2)it作形式宾语的常用句型：
主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep...＋it＋adj./n.＋(for/of sb) to do sth/宾语从句
I find it easy toget on with Jim.
我发现同吉姆相处很容易。
He didn’tmake it clear when and where the meeting would be held.
他没说清楚何时何地举行会议。
(3)用于like，enjoy，hate，love，appreciate等表示“喜欢、憎恶”等情感的动词以及depend on/upon，see to等动词短语后，再接when，if，that等引导的从句。
I’dappreciate it if you could attend our party.
如果您能参加我们的聚会，我将不胜感激。
5．it的常用短语或句型。
(1)When it comes tolearning English，readingwidely is of great importance.
当谈到学习英语，广泛阅读很重要。
(2)I can’thelp itif he is always complaining.
若他总是抱怨，我也没办法。
(3)We finally made itto the airport though it was rainy.
尽管下雨了，但是我们最终及时赶到了机场。
(4)As someone puts it，practice makes perfect.
正如某人所说，熟能生巧。
(5)I take it thatyou don’t agree with the manager.我想你不同意经理的意见。
(6)It is/has been threeyears since he joined the army.他参军已经三年了。
(7)It was three yearsbefore he returned home.
过了三年他才回家。
对点练习
1．He lives a very regularlife，studyingevery day and never allowing himself(he) to fall behind in his schoolwork.
2．When told that it was aloss to humans，thefarmers burst into laughter and responded，“Our real loss is our(we)decreasing income.”
3．While making a choice fromvarious ways of spending our time，we ought to ensure something that restores our lost energyand cheers us(we) up.
4．I have made it clearthat I will not accept this job.
5．Given hope，I am convinced that a breakthroughcan come at any age if we have faith in ourselves and keep learning and workingfor it.
6．There is a knock on thedoor.It might be the postman.
1．all/every/both/each/neither/none
There are 50students in my class.Though not all① of us are studying well，we all①study hard.Every student② has a dream university，though not every student②can be admitted to a famous one.My deskmate and I both③like music，butboth of us don’t③want to enter a music academy.Each④ of us has chosen our futurecollege.We have 14 teachers in all，none⑤ of whom treat us badly.However，my deskmate and I are both③fat，so neither⑥of us love PE classes.
[规则感悟] ①all指三者或三者以上的人或物的“全部”。作主语时，谓语动词通常依据所指为可数名词还是不可数名词而定；与not连用表示部分否定。②every强调(整体中的)每一个，只能作定语，修饰单数可数名词，表示三者或三者以上中的“每一个”，与not连用构成部分否定。③both表示“两者(都)”。作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；与not连用表示部分否定，意为“两者并不都……”。④each强调个体，可作代词和形容词，修饰单数可数名词，指两者或两者以上中的“每一个”，可以与of短语连用。作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；作同位语时，谓语动词的数和主语保持一致。⑤none表示“(三者及三者以上中)无一个”或“没有一点儿”。后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词用单复数皆可。⑥neither表示“(两者)都不”。单独作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词用单复数皆可。
2．anything/nothing/something/everything
—Do you have anything①to say about your exam?
—No，I have nothing②to say about it.
—I hope you can share something③special about your school.
—I have told you that Idon’thave anything① to say about it.Everything④has gone wrong.
[规则感悟] ①anything表示“任何事物，一些事”时，用于否定句和疑问句中；表示“随便什么事物”，
用于肯定句中。②nothing表示“什么也没有”，用于否定句中。③something表示“某事(物)”，一般用于肯定句中。④everything表示“一切”，强调全体，但谓语动词要用单数。
3．the other，another，others与theothers
—Excuse me.Can you exchangethis T-shirt for another① one? Some others②say it doesn’t fit me well.
—Of course.This T-shirtcomes in two sizes；youcan try on the other③ one.
—Don’tbother.There are so many shops and I will go to the others④.
[规则感悟] ①another泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代替单数可数名词。②others表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与some连用。③theother可单独使用，特指两者中的“另一个”或两部分中的“另一部分”。④特指“整体中除去一部分后剩余的全部人或事物”时用the others。
4．替代词that，those，one，ones，theone，the ones
I found a beautifulcoat in a shop，butit was very expensive.Luckily，Ifound one① looking the same online and it wasmuch cheaper than that②/the one③in the physical shop.However，whenI received the coat，Irealized though the ones④ sold online were muchcheaper，theywere not as good as those⑤ in physical shops.I wouldrather spend more money on better ones⑥ of high quality.
[规则感悟] ①one替代上文出现的单数可数名词，相当于“a/an＋单数名词”。②that替代上文出现的可数名词单数或不可数名词，相当于“the＋单数名词/不可数名词”。③theone替代特指的可数名词单数，相当于“the＋单数名词”。④the ones替代复数名词，相当于“the＋可数名词复数”。⑤those 替代复数名词(尤其是有后置定语时)，相当于“the＋可数名词复数”。⑥ones替代复数名词。所替代名词都是同类不同物；同类同物替代用it/them。
1.another后可接“基数词/few＋复数名词”，表示“另外的……(多少)”。“基数词/few＋other＋复数名词”也表示“另外的……(多少)”。
Another three students went tothat party.＝Threeother students went to that party.
另外3个学生去了那个聚会。
2．no one，none，nobody，nothing以及“no与名词连用”等都表示全部否定。当not与不定代词all，both，everyone，everybody，everything等或“every＋名词”连用时，不管not在它们之前还是之后，都表示部分否定。
None of us was going to the party.
我们当中没人打算去参加那个聚会。
Not all of them smoke.＝All of them don’t smoke.他们当中不是所有人都吸烟。
对点练习
1．Success is just on theother side.You have to want it enough，and be willing enough to get it.
2．Many singles say the regulardating scene has just led them from one bad experience to another and areready to try something else.
3．Nobody likes to talk aboutdeath，butthe reality is—everyone is going to die at one point，but none of us know the day，or the hour.
4．Both teams were in hardtraining；neither was willing to lose thegame.
5．Mr Zhang gave me a veryvaluable present，one that I have never seen.
1．As the song goes，this long and winding road“willnever disappear”，and it will always stick in the visitor’smemory.It sure does in mine(I)．(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)
2．Data about the moon’scomposition，suchas how much ice and other treasures it contains，could help China decide whether its(it)plans for a future lunar(月球的)base are practical.
(2020·全国Ⅰ)
3．It was sweet and fresh.Maryloved it.She was extremely pretty，and her house was a reflection of herself(she)，everything in good tasteand in perfect order.(2021·浙江6月)
4．Many westerners who cometo China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheapit can be to eat out.(2018·浙江6月)
