NCP自然对人类的贡献

 01 

A major challenge today and into the future is to maintain or enhance beneficial contributions of nature to a good quality of life for all people. 

现在和未来我们都将面临的一大挑战就是保持和增加自然对我们所有人的生活品质的有益作用。This is among the key motivations of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), a joint global effort by governments, academia, and civil society to assess and promote knowledge of Earth's biodiversity and ecosystems and their contribution to human societies in order to inform policy formulation. 

这是国际科学政策论坛生物多样性和环保部门（IPBES）的主要任务，它是一个由政府，学术机构和社会公民们联合组成的用来推广地球生物多样性和生态的知识，以及它们对人们社会的贡献以便推广政策的一个组织。

One of the more recent key elements of the IPBES conceptual framework  is the notion of nature's contributions to people (NCP), which builds on the ecosystem service concept popularized by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) .

IPBES最新第一个首要任务的基本理念就是自然对人类的贡献（NCP）的概念，而这个概念是基于千年生态评估系统（MA）的生态系统服务理念提出的。

 But as we detail below, NCP as defined and put into practice in IPBES differs from earlier work in several important ways. 

但正如我们即将列举的那样，IPBES对NCP的定义和实践都与早前的工作有以下几方面的不同。First, the NCP approach recognizes the central and pervasive role that culture plays in defining all links between people and nature. 

首先，NCP承认文化在定义人与自然的联系方面起到的重要的教化性作用。

Second, use of NCP elevates, emphasizes, and operationalizes the role of indigenous and local knowledge in understanding nature's contribution to people.

其次，NCP使用时提出，强调并实现了宗教和当地文化在理解自然对人类的贡献中的重要性。

The broad remit of IPBES requires it to engage a wide range of stakeholders, spanning from natural, social, humanistic, and engineering sciences to indigenous peoples and local communities in whose territories lie much of the world's biodiversity. 

IPBES的广泛影响面要求它必须设计到一系列的利益相关者，包括从自然，社会，人文和工程科学到宗教人士和当地团体，而这里面存在太多的世界各地的多样性。

Being an intergovernmental body, such inclusiveness is essential not only for advancing knowledge but also for the political legitimacy of assessment findings .

因为它是一个政府间组织，这种包容性是很重要的，不仅在推广知识方面，还包括对评估结果的政府立法方面。

02

NCP are all the contributions, both positive and negative, of living nature (diversity of organisms, ecosystems, and their associated ecological and evolutionary processes) to people's quality of life .

NCP指的是自然和生物界（包括各种生态环境，团体和它们相关的生态和进化过程）对人们生活质量的所有的积极和消极的贡献。 Beneficial contributions include, for example, food provision, water purification, and artistic inspiration, whereas detrimental contributions include disease transmission and predation that damage people or their assets. 

积极贡献包括，比如，提供食物，净化水源，提供艺术灵感，而负面作用包括传播疾病，和对人们和他们的财产的掠夺。

Many NCP may be perceived as benefits or detriments depending on the cultural, socioeconomic, temporal, or spatial context. 

很多NCP倍认为是有益的火有害的都是取决于文化，社会生态和时间空间的环境。

For example, some carnivores are recognized—even by the same people—as beneficial for control of wild ungulates but as harmful because they may attack livestock.

比如说，有些食肉动物被认为—甚至是被同样的人们—有益的因为可以控制有蹄类动物的数量，但是有时又认为是有害的因为它们可能会进攻牲口。

At first inspection, the notion of NCP does not appear to differ much from the original MA definition of ecosystem services , which was broad and contemplated links to many facets of well-being. 

第一眼看去，NCP的理念似乎跟以前MA定义的生态系统服务似乎没什么区别，它们都很广泛并且会涉及到人们生活的很多方面。However, the detailed conceptualization and the practical work on ecosystem services following on the MA were dominated by knowledge from the natural sciences and economics.

不过，MA下具体的理念化和实践都受到自然科学和经济知识的影响。 

The natural sciences, and ecology in particular, were used to define “ecological production functions” to determine the supply of services, conceptualized as flows stemming from ecosystems (stocks of natural capital) .

其中，自然科学和生态学被用来定义“生态产物作用”以便限定服务的供应，理念上称为生态系统的流（自然资源的资产）。 Economics was used to estimate the monetary value of those ecosystem services flows so as to identify trade-offs among them and their impacts on well-being. 

经济学用于评估这些生态系统服务流的货币价值并用于判定它们的交易以及对人类生活的影响。

Aided by ecology and economics having readily available tools, the ecosystem services approach developed into a vibrant research field, influenced policy discourse, and advanced the sustainability agenda.

得益于生态学和经济学已经有一些现成可用的工具，生态服务法已经发展成为一门活跃的研究领域，影响到政策的推广，也推动了可持续发展的 议程。

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