大脑进化史

Just how related are reptilian and mammalian brains?

爬行动物和哺乳动物的大脑有多接近呢？

 Tosches et al. used single-cell transcriptomics to study turtle, lizard, mouse, and human brain samples. 

托斯切斯等利用单细胞转录组学研究了乌龟，蜥蜴，小鼠和人的脑细胞样本。

They assessed how the mammalian six-layered cortex might be derived from the reptilian three-layered cortex. 

他们分析了哺乳动物的六层皮质可能是如何从爬行动物的三层皮质进化而来的。

Despite a lack of correspondence between layers, mammalian astrocytes and adult neural stem cells shared evolutionary origins. 

尽管层与层之间没有通信，哺乳动物的星形胶质细胞和成熟的神经干细胞拥有共同的进化起源。

General classes of interneuron types were represented across the evolutionary span, although subtypes were species-specific. 

中间神经元的总体类别在整个进化史上是共同的，不过不同的物种有各自特别的亚型。

Pieces of the much-folded mammalian hippocampus were represented as adjacent fields in the reptile brains.

哺乳动物多层折叠的海马体小块在爬行动物中表现为邻近区域的小块。

Computations in the mammalian cortex are carried out by glutamatergic and γ-aminobutyric acid–releasing (GABAergic) neurons forming specialized circuits and areas. 

哺乳动物皮质中进行的计算是通过谷氨酸能和γ-氨基丁酸释放神经元组成特殊的回路和区域来实现的。

Here we asked how these neurons and areas evolved in amniotes.

在这里我们研究了这项神经元和区域在脊椎动物中是如何进化的。

 We built a gene expression atlas of the pallium of two reptilian species using large-scale single-cell messenger RNA sequencing. 

我们采用大规模的单细胞信使RNA测序建立起了两种爬行动物皮质的基因表达图谱。

The transcriptomic signature of glutamatergic neurons in reptilian cortex suggests that mammalian neocortical layers are made of new cell types generated by diversification of ancestral gene-regulatory programs. 

爬行动物皮质中的谷氨酸能的神经元的转录组学信号表明了哺乳动物的新皮质层是由祖先的基因调控程序的多样化产生的新细胞类型组成的。

By contrast, the diversity of reptilian cortical GABAergic neurons indicates that the interneuron classes known in mammals already existed in the common ancestor of all amniotes.

相反，爬行动物皮质的谷氨酸能和γ-氨基丁酸释放神经元表明，哺乳动物中已知的中间神经元类型在所有脊椎动物共同的祖先当中就已经存在了。

Science, this issue p. 881

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