Women will be told their exact lifetime risk of getting breast cancer thanks to a “game-changing” test allowing some to take drugs to prevent the disease.
多亏了一项颠覆性的测试允许一些妇女服用预防乳腺癌的药物，女性将被告知她们患乳腺癌的确切终生风险。
女性中平均有11.5%的人会在一生中某个时候患上乳腺癌。
The method, being piloted by NHS specialists, looks at DNA and family history as well as lifestyle information such as how many children a woman has and how much she drinks.
该方法由英国国家医疗服务系统的专家们进行试验，研究DNA、家族史以及生活方式信息，如一个女人有多少个孩子以及她喝了多少酒。
On average, 11.5 per cent of women will develop breast cancer, but the test can identify the one in a hundred who have a 3 per cent risk as well as the same number who have a 31 per cent chance of getting the disease.
平均而言，11.5%的女性将罹患乳腺癌，但这项检测能够识别出每百人中有3%患乳腺癌风险的人，以及另外3%的有31%患此病几率的人。
The test is likely to be in routine use in NHS clinics within two years.
这项测试有望在两年内在英国国家医疗服务体系(NHS)的诊所作为常规使用。
It could then be included in screening or GP health checks.
然后它还有可能被纳入筛查或全科医生健康检查。
Breast cancer is the most common form of the disease in women, affecting 55,000 a year.
乳腺癌是女性最常见的疾病，每年会影响5.5万人。
Present guidelines class people as high, medium or low risk based on their family history.
目前的指南根据家族史将人们分为高、中、低风险人群。
As evidence mounts about the role that more than 300 genes play in cancer risk, researchers have developed a model that combines this with other factors previously found to increase the likelihood of the disease, including the density of a woman’s breasts and her use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT).
随着有关300多种基因在癌症风险中所起作用的证据越来越多，研究人员开发出了一种模型，该模型将上述因素与此前发现的增加患癌几率的其它因素结合起来，包括女性乳房的密度和激素替代疗法(HRT)的使用。
Antonis Antoniou, professor of cancer risk prediction at Cambridge University and lead author of the study, said: “This is the first time that anyone has combined so many elements into one breast cancer prediction tool. It could be a game changer for breast cancer because now we can identify large numbers of women with different levels of risk — not just women who are at high risk. This should help doctors to tailor the care they provide depending on their patients’ level of risk.”
该研究的主要作者、剑桥大学癌症风险预测教授安东尼斯·安东尼奥说:“这是第一次有人将如此多的因素结合到一个乳腺癌预测工具中。这可能是乳腺癌的一个颠覆性的检测，因为现在我们可以识别出大量具有不同风险水平的女性——不仅仅是高风险的女性。这应该有助于医生根据病人的风险水平调整他们提供的治疗。”
“For example, some women may need additional appointments with their doctor to discuss screening or prevention options and others may just need advice on their lifestyle and diet. We hope this means more people can be diagnosed early and survive their disease for longer.”
“例如，一些女性可能需要额外预约医生来讨论筛查或预防的选择，而另一些女性可能只是需要关于生活方式和饮食的建议。我们希望这意味着更多的人能够及早诊断，并能在疾病中存活更长时间。”
Preventive drugs such as tamoxifen are already being recommended for women at high risk, but only one in seven eligible patients takes them.
像他莫昔芬这样的预防药物已经被推荐给高危妇女，但是只有七分之一的符合条件的患者服用这些药物。
Douglas Easton, a fellow Cambridge professor and co-author of the paper in the journal Genetics in Medicine, said that knowing an exact risk might mean higher-risk women were more willing to accept the side-effects of treatment.
剑桥大学教授道格拉斯·伊斯顿是这篇发表在《医学遗传学》杂志上的论文的合著者，他说，知道确切的风险可能意味着高风险女性更愿意接受治疗的副作用。
Tailoring NHS breast screening to individual risk is increasingly being considered as concern mounts over needless treatment in a one-size-fits-all programme.
随着人们对“一刀切”式的计划中不必要治疗的担忧日益加剧，英国国家医疗服务体系越来越多地考虑根据个人风险量身定制乳房筛查。
Personal scores could identify those who would benefit from more regular or more sensitive checks.
个性化的分析可以识别出哪些人会从更定期或更敏感的检查中受益。
For women at the lowest risk, Professor Easton said, “you could argue that the benefits of screening are marginal”.
伊斯顿教授说，对于风险最低的女性，“你可以说筛查的好处微乎其微”。
He added: “You can imagine a situation where a woman would have the test and possibly just one screen which says 'your risk is so low that it’s not really worth you having screening’, or maybe only every ten years.That would be perfectly justifiable.”
他补充说:“你可以想象这样一种情况:一名女性接受检查，可能只有一个屏幕上写着'你的风险很低，不值得你做检查’，或者可能每十年做一次。这是完全合理的"
He said that those whose mothers had breast cancer would sometimes be reassured by the test.
他说，对于那些母亲患有乳腺癌的人来说，这项检测有时会让他们放心。
“A lot of women who come forward are worried because they have a family history so for them it could be helpful because a lot will be moved into the low-risk category,” he said.
他说:“很多女性都很担心，因为她们有家族史，所以这对她们来说是有帮助的，因为很多人将被转移到低风险的类别。”
Professor Easton’s validation work is nearly complete, suggesting that the test is likely to be in use in specialist genetic services clinics within two years.
伊斯顿教授的验证工作已接近完成，这表明该测试可能在两年内用于专业基因服务诊所。Trials of how women respond to being told their risk are now planned.
现在正在计划对女性如何应对被告知的风险进行试验。
Using the test in NHS screening or GP health checks will take longer as health chiefs will need to assess how women respond and whether it leads to efficient use of resources.
在英国国家医疗服务体系(NHS)的筛查或全科医生(GP)的健康检查中使用这种测试需要更长的时间，因为卫生官员将需要评估女性的反应，以及它是否会带来资源的有效利用。
Habits such as drinking or taking HRT carry a bigger absolute risk for those with a high genetic predisposition and Professor Easton suggested: “In this sense it’s more important to change your lifestyle if you are at high risk, so that does give you something you have control over.”
像喝酒或接受荷尔蒙替代疗法这样的习惯，对于那些遗传易感的人来说，绝对风险更大，伊斯顿教授建议:“从这个意义上说，如果你的生活方式处于高风险状态，那么改变你的生活方式就更重要了，所以这确实给了你一些你可以控制的东西。”
Richard Roope, of Cancer Research UK, said: “Research like this is hugely exciting because in the future it will enable us to offer much more tailored care which will benefit patients and make best use of the services that we have available.”
英国癌症研究中心的理查德·鲁普表示:“这类研究非常令人兴奋，因为在未来，它将使我们能够提供更加量身定制的医疗服务，这将使患者受益，并最大限度地利用我们现有的服务。”
Eluned Hughes, of the charity Breast Cancer Now, said individual prediction “offers great hope for us to prevent more breast cancers and detect the disease earlier”.
慈善机构“现在就预防乳腺癌”的埃鲁尼德休斯说，个性化预测“为我们预防更多的乳腺癌和及早发现这种疾病提供了很大的希望”。
She said: “We now need to understand how this method compares with existing risk prediction tools, as well as how it could be used in practice to help make decisions about screening or preventive options.
她说:“我们现在需要了解这种方法与现有的风险预测工具相比如何，以及如何在实践中使用它来帮助做出有关筛查或预防选择的决定。”
“While there is much more research to be done, we are hopeful that using tools like this to help tailor screening to a woman’s individual risk could one day help detect more cases earlier, while enabling those at particularly low risk to avoid unnecessary screening.”
“虽然还需要做更多的研究，但我们希望，使用这样的工具来帮助根据女性的个体风险量身定制筛查，有一天可以帮助更早地发现更多病例，同时让那些风险特别低的人避免不必要的筛查。”
问题：
以下选项中，哪一项不是文中提到过跟乳腺癌风险有关的？
A. 家族病史 B.饮酒 C.化妆 D.DNA
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