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山东省立医院疼痛科英语晨读已经坚持10余年的时间了，每天交班前15分钟都会精选一篇英文文献进行阅读和翻译。一是可以保持工作后的英语阅读习惯，二是可以学习前沿的疼痛相关知识。我们会将晨读内容与大家分享，助力疼痛学习。
本次文献选自Antony AB, Mazzola AJ, Dhaliwal GS, et al. Neurostimulation for the Treatment of Chronic Head and Facial Pain: A Literature Review[J]. Pain Physician, 2019, 22(5):447-477. 本次学习由陈阳住院医师主讲。
Mandibular Nerve
The mandibular nerve passes through the foramen ovale as it emerges from the cranium. Of note, the motor component of the trigeminal nerve also exits through the foramen ovale, where it unites with the sensory division. This nerve transmits sensation from the skin over the mandible including the lower lip and side of head. In addition, it supplies the lower teeth and gums, temporomandibular joint (TMJ), mucosa of mouth, and anterior two-thirds of the tongue .
The auriculotemporal nerve, a collateral branch off of the posterior division of the mandibular nerve, enters the face just behind the TMJ. The nerve runs laterally to the mandible neck, passing anterior to the ear and continues cephalically to innervate the ear, the external auditory conduct, the external side of the tympanic membrane, and the temporal region. Further-more, it innervates the TMJ and carries parasympathetic fibers to the parotid gland .
下颌神经
下颌神经从卵圆孔出颅。值得注意的是，三叉神经的运动纤维也通过卵圆孔出颅，并与感觉支相结合。该神经支配下颌区域（包括下唇和头部侧面）的皮肤感觉。此外，它还支配下颌牙齿和牙龈、颞下颌关节（TMJ）、口腔粘膜和舌头前三分之二的感觉。
耳颞神经是下颌神经后干的一个侧支，走行于TMJ后方。神经横向延伸至下颌颈，穿过耳前并继续向上，支配耳朵、外耳道、鼓膜的外侧和颞部。此外，它支配着TMJ，并发出副交感神经纤维至腮腺。
Facial Nerve
The facial nerve (CN VII) carries multiple nerve fibers. The nerve leaves the cranial cavity through the internal acoustic meatus and forms the geniculate ganglion. The general sensation is transmitted from the external acoustic meatus and deeper parts of the auricle. Taste sensation is provided from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. Parasympathetic autonomic regulation is provided to the lacrimal gland, subman-dibular and sublingual salivary glands, and glands in the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity and pal-ates. It is at the location of the geniculate ganglion where the facial nerve gives off the greater petrosal nerve that carries the majority of the parasympathetic fibers. The origin of the greater petrosal nerve is the sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG). Furthermore, the fa-cial nerve innervates the muscles for facial expression.
面神经
面神经（CN VII）包含混合神经纤维。神经通过内耳道离开颅腔并形成膝状神经节。传递外耳道和耳廓深处的一般躯体感觉。传导舌头前三分之二的味觉。负责泪腺、下颌下和舌下唾液腺以及鼻腔和上颚的粘膜中的腺体的副交感神经自主调节。在膝状神经节的位置，面神经放出携带大部分副交感神经纤维的岩大神经。岩大神经的起源是蝶颚神经节（SPG）。此外，面神经支配负责面部表情的肌肉。
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) is a cranial nerve with both sensory and motor components and exits through the jugular foramen. Glossopharyngeal gen-eral sensory cell bodies are located at the superior ganglion. The visceral sensory and special cell bodies are located at the inferior ganglion and these synapse at the nuclei of solitary tract. Somatic sensory portion has its cell bodies located in the superior ganglion and syn-apse at the nucleus of trigeminal nerve. The glossopha-ryngeal nerve is responsible for general sensation from the external ear, posterior third of tongue, tympanic membrane, isthmus of fauces, and pharyngotympanic tube . Furthermore, it receives taste sensation from the posterior third of the tongue, chemoreceptor inputs from the carotid body, baroreceptor inputs from the ca-rotid sinuses, and provides parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland .
The glossopharyngeal nerve travels between the internal carotid artery and the internal jugular vein, located deep to the styloid process and the muscles that attach there. It curves around the border of the stylopharyngeus muscle where it continues anteriorly to reach the base of the tongue.The stylohyoid muscle at-taches superiorly to the styloid process of the temporal bone and inferiorly to the body of the hyoid bone. It contracts to elevate and retract the hyoid bone in ef-fect elongating the floor of the mouth .
舌咽神经
舌咽神经（CN IX）是具有感觉和运动成分的颅神经，并通过颈静脉孔出颅。舌咽神经一般感觉细胞位于上神经节。内脏感觉细胞和特殊细胞体位于下神经节，而突触位于孤束核。躯体感觉纤维的细胞体位于上神经节，突触位于三叉神经核。舌咽神经负责外耳、舌后三分之一、鼓膜、咽峡和咽鼓管的总体感觉。此外，它传导舌后三分之一的味觉，传导颈动脉体化学感受器和颈窦压力感受器输入的信号，并为腮腺提供副交感神经支配。
舌咽神经在颈内动脉和颈内静脉之间走行，位于茎突及其上附着的肌肉的深处。它在颈突咽肌的边界弯曲，并在此向前延伸到舌根。茎突舌骨肌附着于颞骨的茎突并向下至舌骨体。它收缩以升高和缩回舌骨，从而有效地延长了口腔的底部。
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