宁波话拼音方案比较
从目前已知资料来看,历史上的宁波话拼音方案基本上可以分为三个类型:
第一类,传教士式拼音方案。该方案是美国北长老会(Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. (North))传教士丁韪良(William Alexander Parsons Martin)于1850年前后设计出来。大概在十九世纪五六十年代,丁的朋友蓝亨利(Henry Van Rankin,又译亨利.兰金)的《宁波土话初学》问世,即采用了这个方案。睦礼逊.惠理(Rev. William T. Morrison)的《宁波方言字语汇解》(An Anglo-Chinese Vocabulary of the Ningpo Dialect,1876),穆麟德(Paul Georg von M?llendorff)的《宁波方言音节》(The ningpo syllabary,1901)和《宁波方言便览》(Ningpo colloquial handbook,1910)也都是沿用了该方案。
该方案声母设计上,将见系齐齿字和撮口字在辅音后加y,见系合口字则是加w。在韵母设计上,该方案最大的特点是讲究与其他吴语方案的统一。由于北吴不少地方ei并入e,所以传教士也将宁波双元音ei拟写成e,而ae这个拼写方式则空位出来,作为e的拟写方式;还有如o拟写为?,ou拟写为o。正因为该方案与实际相差太大,高本汉(Klas Bernhard Johannes Karlgren)在《中国音韵学研究》(Etudes sur la phonologie chinoise) 里将穆麟德作品进行了放弃。
声母:
国际音标 | 例字 | 吴协 | 传教士 | 庄延龄 | 北拉 |
[p] | 帮 | p | p | p | b |
[p?] | 滂 | ph | p’ | p’ | p |
[b] | 並 | b | b | b | bh |
[m] | 明 | m | m | m | m |
[?m] | 妈 | 'm | m? | m? | |
[f] | 非 | f | f | f | f |
[v] | 奉 | v | v | v | v |
[t] | 端 | t | t | t | d |
[t?] | 透 | th | t’ | t’ | t |
[d] | 定 | d | d | d | dh |
[n] | 泥 | n | n | n | n |
[?n] | 那 | 'n | ň | ň | |
[?] | 精 | ts | ts | ts | z/g[?] |
[??] | 清 | tsh | ts’ | ts’ | c/k[??] |
[?] | 从 | dz | dz | dz | zh/gh [?] |
[s] | 心 | s | s | s | s/ x[?] |
[z] | 邪 | z | z | z | z /sh [?] |
[l] | 来 | l | l | l | l |
[?l] | 拉 | 'l | |||
[?] | 章 | c | c | c | 无 |
[??] | 昌 | ch | c’ | c’ | |
[?] | 崇 | j | dj | dj | |
[?] | 书 | sh | sh | sh | |
[?] | 船 | zh | j | j | |
[g] | 日 | ny | ny | ny | gn |
[?g] | | ny | ňy | ňy | |
[k] | 见 | k | k/ky/kw | k/kw | g |
[k?] | 溪 | kh | k’/ky’/ kw’ | k’/ kw’ | k |
[ɡ] | 群 | g | g/gy/gw | g/gw | gh |
[?] | 疑 | ng | ng/ngy/ngw | ng/ngw | ng |
[??] | / | 'ng | ňg/ňgy/ňgw | ňg/ňgw | |
[h] | 晓 | h | h/hy/ hw | h/hw | x |
[?] | 匣 | gh | ‘ | ‘ | h |
[?i] | 以 | y | y | y | - |
[?u] | 胡 | | w | w | - |
['] | | - | - | - | |
韵母
国际音标 | 例字 | 吴协 | 传教士 | 庄延龄 | 北拉 |
[?] | 诗 | y | - | - | - |
[i] | 齐 | i | i | i | i |
[?] | 书 | yu | w | ||
[y] | 淤 | iu | y | ||
[a] | 阿 | a | a | a | a |
[e] | 台 | e | ae | e | e |
[o] | 我 | o | | o | o |
[?] | 高 | au | ao | ao | ao |
| 波 | ou | o | ou | ou |
[ei] | 雷 | ei | e | ei | ei |
[?y] | 走 | eu | eo | ||
[iu] | 酒 | ieu | iu | iu | iu |
[?n] | 山 | | aen | aa | an |
[?n] | 乱 | oen | n | oe | |
[ein] | 安 | ein | en | ei? | ae |
[i?n] | 点 | ien | in | ie? | Ie |
| 樱 | ang | ang | a?g | ang |
[i?] | 英 | ing | ing | ing | in |
[??] | 神 | oeng | ng | ung [o?] | |
[o?] | 东 | ong | ong | ung | |
[??] | 恩 | | eng | eng | en |
[??] | 讲 | aong | ng | o?g | ong |
[y?] | 云 | iuin | ing | ing | yng [yo] |
[yo?] | 用 | iong | ong | ong | |
[i??] | 立 | ih | ih | ih | iq |
[??] | 出 | oeh | | oq [o] | |
[o?] | | oh | h | oh | |
[??] | 着 | aoh | oh | ? | |
[a?] | 鸭 | ah | ah | ah | aq |
[e?] | 弗 | eh | eh | eh |
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