地域特殊优势（LSAs）

2014-07-05 来源：威科先行

LSAs = Location Specific Advantages = 地域特殊优势

什么是地域特殊优势？

What are LSAs？

当今贸易和经济的全球化催生了诸如“选址节约”、“市场溢价”等新概念，这些更为普遍的被称作：地域特殊优势。地域特殊优势是指，在某些地域，由当地资产、丰富的自然资源、政府产业政策和鼓励措施等因素产生的生产优势。在中国和其他发展中国家，地域特殊优势所带来的问题，如成本节约和市场溢价等更为明显。

例如，家用电器制造商在中国投资，可以享受到的优势包括：大量受教育程度较高同时又廉价的劳动力，以及发展完善的供应商网络。又或者，全球汽车公司在中国建立合资公司，由于汽车组装地就是市场和消费者所在地，由此可以降低成本。

Theglobalisation of trade and economies has given rise to concepts such as“location savings”, “market premium,” and more generally, location specificadvantages (“LSAs”). The LSAs are advantages for production arising fromassets, resource endowments, government industry policies and incentives, etc,which exist in specific localities. It has been seen that certain issues suchas location savings and market premium arise more frequently in China and otherdeveloping economies.

Forexample, household electronics manufacturers invest in China to take advantageof a large pool of well‐educatedlow‐cost labour and a welldeveloped network of suppliers, or global automotive companies set up jointventures (“JVs”) in China to assembleautomobiles locally to be close to the market and the customers and to takeadvantage of lower costs.

·选址节约

· Location savings

选址节约是指，跨国公司在低成本地区内经营而获得的净成本节约。尽管企业迁址可能会产生额外的费用（即成本增加），例如由于雇佣技术水平较低的工人可能会增加培训费用，但是，通过原材料、劳动力、租金、运输和基础设施等方面的较低支出仍然会实现净成本节约。

Location savings are the net cost savings derived by a multinational company when itsets up its operations in a low cost jurisdiction. Net cost savings are commonly realised through lower expenditure on items such as raw materials,labour, rent, transportation and infrastructure even though additional expenses(“dis‐savings”) may be incurred due to there location, such as increased training costs in return for hiring less skilled labour.

·市场溢价

· Market premium

市场溢价是指，跨国企业在对某一项服务或产品具有特别需求的地区（通常源于政府政策、市场规模、消费偏好等因素）开展经营，从而获得的超额利润。

Market premium relates to the additional profit derived by a multinational company byoperating in a jurisdiction with unique qualities impacting on the sale anddemand of a service or product.

地域特殊优势案例

Example of LSAs in China

在确定地域特殊优势及其对转让定价的影响时，行业分析和量化分析都至关重要。在中国，汽车行业可以明显地反映出地域特殊优势能够带来极其丰厚的利润，而这些利润实则来源于中国纳税人。这些地域特殊优势包括：

1.中国目前实行的“以市场换技术”的行业政策，要求外国汽车制造商以合资企业的方式在中国进行汽车组装，并要求外国汽车制造商以提供低于市场价格的技术等优惠条件来换取有限的市场准入机会；

2.中国消费者普遍偏好国外品牌和进口产品，相对于忠于特定品牌的习惯而言，中国消费者的这种消费偏好使跨国公司在中国销售汽车时定价更高，获利也更多；

3.中国人口众多，而且消费者的财富不断增长，因此，中国市场对汽车的刚性需求旺盛；

4.与进口汽车的关税税率（25%）相比，汽车零部件的关税税率（10%）较低，从而带来关税节约–尽管跨国公司在本国生产汽车的售价会比在国外生产的低，但是对中国市场而言，与从海外进口原产汽车相比，跨国企业在中国本土直接生产，可以适用相对较低的零部件关税率，由此从整体上实现成本节约。

5.中国国内的供应商能够提供大批量高质量、低成本的零部件。

Indetermining LSAs and their impact on transfer pricing, both industry analysisand quantitative analysis are critical. The automotive industry is a goodexample where there are many LSAs that have led to extraordinarily high profitsthat are rightly earned by Chinese taxpayers. The LSAs include:

1.The “market‐for‐technology” industry policy, whichrequires foreign automotive manufacturers to form JVs in order to assembleautomobiles in China, forcing foreign automotive manufacturers to compete forlimited market access opportunities by offering favourable terms includingprovision of technologies at below market price;

2.Chinese consumers’ general preference to foreign brands and imported products –this general preference, as opposed to loyalty to a specific brand, createsopportunities for MNEs to charge higher prices and earn additional profits onautomotive products sold in China;

3.Huge, inelastic demand for automotive vehicles in China due to the largepopulation and growing wealth of the population;

4.Duty savings from the lower duty rates on automotive parts (e.g. 10%) comparedto imported vehicles (e.g. 25%) – when MNEs manufacture products in China asopposed to importing the products from outside of China, they are able togenerate overall savings from the lower duty rates, even if the MNEs incurmanufacturing costs and sell their domestically‐manufacturedproducts at a lower sales price compared to a foreign‐manufactured vehicle; and

5.A large supply of high quality, low costs parts manufactured by suppliers inChina.

四步分析法

Four-step approach

目前中国税务机关采取了四步分析法以处理与中国纳税人有关的地域特殊优势问题：

1.识别地域特殊优势的存在；

2.确定地域特殊优势是否产生超额利润；

3.量化地域特殊优势所产生的超额利润；

4.确定分配地域特殊优势所产生的超额利润的转让定价方法。

Indealings with Chinese taxpayers, the Chinese tax administration has adopted afour step approach on the issue of LSAs:

1.Identify if an LSA exists.

2.Determine whether the LSA generates additional profit.

3.Quantify and measure the additional profits arising from the LSA.

4.Determine the transfer pricing method to allocate the profits arising from theLSA.

·量化选址节约

· Measure the locationsavings

假设某中国纳税人的成本基数为100，该公司位于发达国家的研发中心的平均成本基数为150，可比公司完全成本加成率的中位数为8%。我们会在同一个平台上比较中国纳税人和海外可比公司的成本基数，例如以单位产出的总成本（包括劳动力、原材料、土地和租金等）进行比较。

步骤1：计算海外可比公司（主要是由发达国家公司组成）完全成本加成率的独立交易区间

计算：假设完全成本加成率的中位数为8%

步骤2：计算中国纳税人的成本基数（假设为100）和海外可比公司的平均成本基数（假设为150）之间的差异

计算：150–100=50

步骤3：将独立交易完全成本加成率（假设为8%）乘以成本基数之差（即50）

计算：8%*50 = 4

步骤4：得出的利润即为由于选址节约而应归属于中国纳税人的超额利润（即4）

计算：4

步骤5：确定中国纳税人的全部独立交易利润

计算：4 8%*100=12

步骤6：确定中国纳税人调整后的独立交易完全成本加成率

计算：12/100=12%

It is assumed that the Chinese taxpayer’s cost base was 100, the average cost basefor the company’s R&D centres in developed countries was 150, and themedian FCMU of the comparables was 8%. The comparison of the cost base betweenthe Chinese taxpayer and that of the foreign companies is measured on an equalplatform, such as the total costs (labour, raw materials, land and rent, etc)per unit of output.

Step1：Calculate the arm’s length range of FCMUs basedon foreign comparables, mostly in developed countries

Calculation：Assume the median FCMU is 8%

Step2：Calculate the differencebetween the cost base of the Chinese taxpayer (e.g. 100) and the average costbase of the foreign companies (e.g. 150)

Calculation：150 – 100 = 50

Step3：Multiply the arm’s length FCMU (e.g. 8%) withthe difference in the cost bases (50)

Calculation：8% x 50 = 4

Step4：The resulting profit is theadditional profit (i.e. 4) attributable to China for location savings

Calculation：4

Step5：Determine the total arm’s length profit for theChinese taxpayer

Calculation：4 8% x 100 = 12

Step6：Determine the adjusted arm’s length FCMU for the Chinesetaxpayer

Calculation：12 / 100 = 12%

注：部分内容参考自国家税务总局在联合国公布的英文版《发展中国家转让定价操作手册》