文人用印体系的文化特色
Culture Characteristics of the Intellectual Seal System
北朝至隋唐大约500年间、私印的社会应用经历了衰减而又缓慢恢复的过程。从10世纪开始，新的格局终于奠定并迅速进入兴盛的阶段。印章社会功能的重新调整及其延伸与不同民族、不同阶层、不同领域，是此期私印出现丰富多样的类型。
During the 500 years between the Northern Dynasty and the Sui and Tang dynasty, the social applications of private slow recovery. From the 10th century, a new pattern was finally established and soon began to flourish. The readjustment of the social functions of seals and their spread into different ethnic groups, social classes and areas resulted in a great wealth and diversity of private seal types.
▲“吴越世瑞”，木，南宋钱世瑞组印之一，南宋，上海博物馆藏
Wooden seal “Shirui Wuyue”, one of the seals engraved by Qian Shirui. Southern Song Dynasty. Shanghai Museum
篆刻世籍门族的是此期士大夫文人的风气。由汉代出现的里籍印章，经过魏晋南北朝门阀制度的浸淫，在唐宋时代出现张扬先世郡望、门族的一类私印，如苏易简的“四代相印”，苏轼的“赵郡苏氏”、张天觉的“埋轮之后”、陆游的“始封阴山”等。此类印章开拓了凭信意外的表义性能，它们基本上已不具备征信的作用，但又只能由特定个人使用，这是不同于典型的闲章之处。
The casting and cutting of seals showing clan origin was another popular trend among intellectuals and senior officials. Li Ji seals showing the family residence location emerged in the Han Dynasty. Due to the influence of the family house system in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties, and a class of private seals showing ancestral house origin or family house origin emerged in the Tang and Song dynasties. Examples of these are: Su Yijian’s “Seal of Grand Chancellor for Four Generations”, Su Shi’s “Su Family of Zhao Prefecture”, Zhang Tianjue’s “Descendants of Mai Lun”, and Lu You’s “Enfieffed in Shanyin”. These seals had new symbolic functions. Basically, they no longer had an authenticating owners, and thus different from leisure seals.
▲ 北宋，“埋轮之后”张天觉用印，钤与苏轼《黄州寒食诗》
Northern Dynasty, Seal Imprint “Descendant of Mai Lun” impressed by Zhang Tianjue on Su Shi’s Poem on Cold Food Festival in Huang Prefecture
宋元时代文人私印派生出新的品类和功能，个体用印的数量相应增多。南宋初年钱世瑞墓出土各类个人自用印达十五件，其中除了姓名、表字印外，还有文房（书斋）、书简和多种闲章。而这可能还不是钱氏用印的全部。这类印章有的虽仍不同程度地存在凭信功能，但更突出的是表达个人情感和赏玩意趣。钱氏的印章如果再加上鉴藏印、别号印，则构成了当时文人个体用印的典型标本。
In the Song and Yuan dynasties, new types and functions developed in the private seals of literati, so that a person had and used more seals. Fifteen personal seals were excavated from the early Southern Song tomb of Qian Shirui. In addition to his name seal and alternative name seal, there were studio, letter and various letter seals, and these 15 seals might not be his total collection. Although to one degree or another they had certain authentication function, what they were trying to express was definitely personal feelings and tastes in appreciation. The excavated name seals, with the addition of appreciation and epithet seals, would make a typical collection of the personal seals of an individual at that time.
本文节选自孙慰祖：《中国印章-历史与艺术》，外文出版社，2010年。
Sun Weizu: The History and Art of Chinese Seals, Foreign Languages Press, 2010
责任编辑：戴梦岚
实习生：黄诗坤
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