宋元时期的宗教用印
Song and Yuan Religious Seals
印章的功能扩展到宗教活动中，作为法器而被赋予超出现实世界的种种意义，在汉代已经出现。源于中土的道教，以法术种类繁多为其要旨之一。西汉末年开始流行的“天地之印”和“黄神越章”，晋葛洪《抱朴子》记载这类印章是具有祛鬼禳灾法立的佩印。陕西户县朱家堡东汉晚期墓出土的解除瓶上有一段朱书文字：“天帝使者谨为曹伯鲁之家移殃去咎……封黄神越章之印。如律令。”说明封印代表天帝的法立，可为生者“移殃去咎”。随着不同时期宗教的盛衰兴替出现了不同印章类型。
The functions of the seals were extended into religious activities, becoming instruments of ritual endowed with significance beyond the temporal world. Such seals emerged in the Han Dynasty. One of the main characteristics of Taoism, China’s indigenous religion is its great variety of religious services. The “Seal of the Emperor of the Heavens” and “Huang Shen and Yue Zhang”(both are mythical gods able to expel evil spirits) were considered as seals for wearing that had the magic power to dispel evil spirits and avert disasters. An exorcism bottle, excavated from a late Eastern Han Dynasty tomb at Zhu Family Village in Hu County in Shanxi Province, has paragraph written in red. “The herald of the Emperor of the Heaven hereby from the house of Cao Bolu… and seals it with the seal of Huang Shen and Yue Zhang. As it is ordered.” This shows that using the seal represented the divine power of the Emperor of the Heavens in order to “dispel all the disasters and misfortunes” for living.
▲辽，“开龙寺记”
Liao, “Seal of Kailong Temple”
唐代五代的佛教处于兴盛时期，在皇家扶持下的寺院地位很高，此事寺院开始有了它的专印——寺名印和藏经印，后者与唐代重视传抄翻译经文有关。晚唐至五代的“开山寺记”以及辽的“开龙寺记”，都是这一背景的产物。寺名印是一种社会群体及其组织的公印。敦煌藏经上所见的唐宋藏经印记，反映其时传抄经籍数量之大以及对此的重视程度。
Buddhism flourished in the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties. With the backing of the imperial court, Buddhist temples had high social status and in this period they started to have their own special seals—temple name seals and sutra collection seals. The latter type was related to the copying and translation of Buddhist sutras, an activity to which the government attached great importance. The “Seal of Kaishan Temple” and “Seal of Kailong Temple” are both products of these historical circumstances in the period from late Tang to Five Dynasties. Temple name seals were public seals for a social group and its organization. The Tang and Song sutra collection seals found on the sutras discovered in Dunhuang Caves were exclusively used on sutras. This reflects the huge number of copied sutras and great importance attached to copying.
▲宋·道教符箓印
Song Dynasty, Taoist protective talisman seal
道教另有一类符箓印章，笔画曲折繁复，与《道藏·洞真部·方法类》上所载的道符相合，也是实行法术是的用印。元代道教符箓派影响极大，道符印多见于此期，以往将其视为元押，是一种误解。
There was also a type pf Taoism protective talisman seal with complex and twisted stokes. The talismans on them match with those recorded in the Taoist Canon: Dong Zhen Sect Volume - Category of Magic and Rituals. These were used in magic rituals, the Protective Talisman sect was very influential in the Yuan Dynasty and the majority of Taoist protective talisman seals came from this period. Researchers used to consider them as Yuan Dynasty monogram seals but this was a mistaken.
本文节选自孙慰祖：《中国印章-历史与艺术》，外文出版社，2010年。
Sun Weizu: The History and Art of Chinese Seals, Foreign Languages Press, 2010
责任编辑：戴梦岚
实习生：黄诗坤
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