满汉文并行的清代官印
Qing Official seals with Parallel Chinese
Characters and Manchu Script
清帝御宝在入关前已有制作。入主中原后，御宝数量逐步增加，印文内容沿袭明代外，又有所新增。至乾隆初年，清宫御宝达39方之多，为历朝之最。
Even before its advance into central China, the Qing Dynasty had already made imperial seals, and after Qing rule was established over all China, the number of imperial seals gradually increased. The texts of these seals also increased, on the basis of those in the of the Ming Dynasty system. In the early years of Emperor Qian Long’s reign(1736-1796) there were more than 39 imperial seals at the Qing court, more than in any previous dynasty.
乾隆十一年（1746年），依据《周易·系辞上》“天数二十有五”之说，考定宝谱，乾隆帝并制序文，筛选出其中二十五方作为本朝的正式御宝，世称清“二十五宝”。除“皇帝之宝”为满文印外，其余均为汉满两种文字篆刻，汉字使用篆书，满文使用本字。
In 1746, in compliance with the statement in the Book of Changes that “the number of Heaven is twenty five,” Emperor Qian Long examined the imperial seals and commissioned a collection of their imprints. He wrote the foreword for this imprint collection and selected 25 seals that would be his official imperial seals. Later people referred to them as the “25 Imperial Seals of the Qing Dynasty.” Apart from the “Bao of the Emperor” in Manchu script only, their inscriptions are in both zhuan-style Chinese characters and Manchu script in the standard form.
清，“大清嗣天子宝”，北京故宫博物院藏
“Bao of the Son of the Heaven of Great Qing”,Qing Dynasty.
Palace Museum, Beijing
乾隆帝具有深厚的汉文化修养。为了求得印文风格协调美观，又于乾隆十三年（1748年）修改印制，将满文设定为篆化形体，御宝中的21宝亦按新制改镌。
Emperor Qian Long had a profound knowledge of Han Chinese culture. In order to achieve harmony and beauty in the seal inscription, in 1748, he ordered a change to the system, prescribing that the Manchu script be carved in a zhuan-like style; accordingly 21 of the imperial seals were re-made.
清，“天子之宝”，玉，北京故宫博物院藏
Jade 'Bao of the Son of Heaven',Qing Dynasty,Palace Museum, Being
乾隆十三年（1748年）起，诏令按新制改铸官印，程序及质地、大小、钮式、篆体等均依照本朝标准。礼部铸印局承担各品级的官印铸造，卑官佐吏印信由各省令官铺铸刻。官印制作须经审批。文武百官印章的登记在因袭明制的基础上更为细密。官印的印款更为完备。
From 1748 on, imperial edicts were issued to re-cast official seals according to new system. The Dynasty’s own standards were established with respect to materials, dimensions, knob forms and zhuan script. The Seal Casting Bureau of the Ministry of Rites was responsible for casting official seals of various levels. The seals of petty officials were cast by governmental workshops under the order of various ministries and local governments. The making of official seals was subject to examination and approval. The rank standards of the seals of military and civil officials were more detailed and specific than the Ming Dynasty. The specifications covering the side and back inscriptions of official seals became more complete.
本文节选自孙慰祖：《中国印章-历史与艺术》，外文出版社，2010年
Sun Weizu: The History and Art of Chinese Seals, Foreign Languages Press, 2010
责任编辑：朱小雨，戴梦岚
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