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Every plant manager's goal is to decrease downtime and increase productivity. Here are some tips for optimizing processes without putting strain on employees.
每一个工厂经理的目标是：降低停机时间，提升生产效率。这里有一些不需要额外给员工加压的优化流程的建议。
Train and Retrain
培训与重新培训
Put a student driver behind the wheel of a Formula One race car, and you're not going to get the most out of that vehicle. Industrial machinery is the same. Put it in the hands of untrained operators, and productivity is lost.
让一个学生司机去掌控一辆一级方程式赛车，这样，就不能充分发挥这辆车的作用了。工业设备也是一样的。把设备交给未经培训的操作员手中，生产效率就丧失了。
Manufacturers of industrial machinery usually perform onsite training during and after installation. However, many of them are happy to provide ongoing training — but you may have to ask. It is in a manufacturer's best interest to make sure plant personnel get the most out of their equipment; it results in fewer breakdowns, faster troubleshooting and repairs, greater customer satisfaction, more business and more referrals.
工业设备制造商通常在设备安装期间和安装后进行现场培训。然而，他们中的许多人乐于提供持续的培训，但你可能必须要去询问。确保工厂人员充分利用他们的设备，对于设备制造商而言最有益；如此，故障变少，故障排除和维修进行的更快，客户满意度大幅度提升，业务增加，而且会获得更多的推广。
Industrial trade shows are opportune times for operator training as well. Manufacturers spend tens of thousands of dollars to exhibit their equipment and are eager to get a return on that investment any way possible. Providing training to plant personnel is a very good use of their time — and yours.
产业贸易展览会，也是员工培训的好时机。制造商们花费成千上万美元，来展示他们的设备，并渴望以任意可能的方式去获得投资回报。向工厂员工提供培训，是一个很好的利用员工与你自己的时间的方法。
Retraining is also a vital part of the productivity equation. Operators and foremen should not only receive scheduled training, but should be required to pass a test or obtain a certification based on your criteria. Operator complacency and outdated skill sets lead to productivity losses, and are often hard to see. A formal training and certification program is a reliable method of overcoming these challenges.
重新培训，也是产能方程的一个非常重要的部分。操作工与领班应该不仅仅接受计划的培训，也应该根据你的标准，被要求通过测试，或者获得某个证书。操作者的自满，以及过时的技能会导致生产效率的损失，而且往往很难被发现。正规的培训和认证计划，是克服这些挑战的可靠的方法。
Upgrade and Retrofit
升级与改造
Manufacturers improve their equipment regularly and relentlessly. While it is a vital business attribute, manufacturer innovation means a plant that purchased a machine two years ago has a productivity disadvantage versus a competitor who purchased a newer version of the machine six months ago.
制造商定期和持续不懈地改进他们的设备。虽然，这是一个重要的业务属性，制造商的创新意味着，在两年前，采购某台设备的工厂比起其竞争对手在生产效率方面具有劣势，竞争对手已经在半年前采购了更新的机器。
There are, however, opportunities to upgrade old equipment to bring it up to the performance level of newer generations and models. Perhaps the most obvious candidates for upgrading are in controls and diagnostics. Computer technology advances at lightning speed. Retrofitting state-of-the-art controls and diagnostics technology on a piece of equipment can pave the way for dramatic productivity gains. Machine performance can be tracked and analyzed more quickly and accurately, operational problems can be identified and repaired more quickly, throughput data can be collected and reviewed in more detail, etc.
然而，有机会升级旧设备，使其达到新一代和新型号的设备性能水平。也许，将设备进行升级的最明显的升级可能是控制和诊断。计算机技术飞速发展。使用最先进的技术对设备进行控制和诊断，可以为生产效率的大幅提高铺平道路。设备性能，可以被更快、更准确地进行跟踪和分析，操作问题可以更快地识别和修复，生产能力的数据可以被更详细地收集和检查，等等。
Operations leadership should meet with equipment manufacturers regularly to discuss upgrade and retrofit options. In addition to improving productivity, upgrades offer tremendous financial benefit because they extend the life of the equipment.
运营领导者应该定期与设备制造商会面，讨论设备升级和改造方案。除了提高生产效率外，对设备的升级，还提供了巨大的经济效益，因为，设备的使用寿命得到延长。
Look for Less Obvious Productivity Killers
寻找不太明显的生产效率“杀手”
What brings down productivity in many operations are not big problems with training or equipment but a lot of little problems that go unnoticed. Highly efficient operations notice them, understand their impact on productivity and address them.
在许多运作中，让生产效率降低的并不是培训，或设备上的大问题，而是许多未被注意到的小问题。高效的运作会注意到它们，了解它们对生产效率的影响，并去解决它们。
Environmental factors fall into this category. If a plant is too hot, cold or noisy, workers lose energy, enthusiasm and the ability to focus clearly on the task at hand. Even something as simple as putting a padded floor mat on a concrete floor can produce immediate improvement in productivity.
环境因素属于这一类。如果一家工厂太热、太冷或太吵闹，工人们就会失去精力、热情和清晰地专注于手头任务的能力。即使是在混凝土地板上加一块软垫的地板，也能在生产效率的改善上产生直接的影响。
Material handling is another area where relatively small changes can produce meaningful productivity gains. For instance, connecting two high-performance machines with 30 feet of conveyor rather than have workers manually transport work in process might save several man-hours over a three-shift operation — as well as reduce injury and health-care expense.
物料处理，是另一个相对变化较小，却可以对生产效率的增长产生重要影响。例如，将两台高性能的设备连接到30英尺长的输送机上，而不是让工人手工去运输，可能可以节省三小时轮班工作的几小时的人工工时，同时，可以减少受伤和医疗费用。
Parts and maintenance are two other areas where the downtime battle can be won or lost. Most important is to not be penny-wise and pound-foolish. Saving a few thousand dollars by keeping spare parts and replacement inventory levels low could cost tens of thousands of dollars if a $100 machine part fails and the company has to shut down for two shifts while waiting for a new one.
零件和维修，是停机时间上的两个争论的方面。最重要的是，不要因小失大。通过降低零件与备件的成本，去节约几千美元，如果，因为一个设备零件无法使用，因为需要等待新备件，公司不得不取消另外两个班次，可能会导致数万美元的损失。
Likewise, companies may be tempted to scale back on maintenance staffs and hours when business conditions are unfavorable. But there is a good reason why those Formula One cars make frequent pit stops. No matter how good the machine and how efficient the operators are, wear and tear will eventually bring the entire operation to a screeching halt.
同样，公司可能会在业务不好的时间，试图去相应地缩减维修人员规模与维修时间。但是，F1赛车频繁进站就有一个非常好的理由。设备再好，作业员的效率再高，而磨损最终会给整个操作带来个急刹车。
To reduce downtime and increase productivity, look carefully at the equipment, the operators and all aspects of the operation that affect them. Above all, look at productivity holistically. Focusing on only one or two things may indeed improve productivity, but those gains could be wiped out by ignoring something else.
为了减少停机时间，提升生产效率，仔细检查设备、操作工和所有其他方面的操作，都会对停机时间与生产效率有影响。最重要的是，要从整体上看生产效率。只关注一两件事情确实可能可以提高生产效率，但这些所得，可能会因为忽略了其他的某些事情而被消除。
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