1. abdominal examination 腹部检查 Auscultation([ˌôskəlˈtāSHən] n.听诊), inspection, palpation([pæl'pet] n.(医)触诊), and percussion([pə(r)'kʌʃ(ə)n] n.叩诊，打击乐器) techniques employed to assess abdominal pathology ([pəˈθɒlədʒi] n.【医】病理学) or health. 通过听诊，问诊，触诊和叩诊等方法评估腹部的病理或生理状态。
Auscultation 听诊 is the term for listening to the internal sounds of the body, usually using a stethoscope.
Palpation 触诊 is the process of using one's hand or fingers to identify a disease or injury of the body or the location of pain.
Stethoscope (['steθə.skəʊp] n.听诊器), medical instrument used in listening to sounds produced within the body, chiefly in the heart or lungs.
（cardiac auscultation areas）
2. abdominal pain 腹痛 The strength of contractions points to possible obstruction. The laying on of hands becomes a therapeutic and diagnostic modality([məʊ'dæləti] n.形态；情态) in this assessment. The entire abdomen(['æbdəmən] n.肚子;下腹部) should be gently palpated(['pælpeɪt] v.触诊;触摸检查) for areas of rigidity([rɪ'dʒɪdətɪ] n.僵硬;强直), masses, and tenderness(['tendənɪs] n.压痛). Upon auscultation, the pitch ([pɪtʃ] n.音调;强度), duration, and intensity are essential qualities to note. Bowel (['baʊəl] n.肠) sounds assume two poles: a rush of peristalsis ([ˌperɪ'stælsɪs] n.（肠等的）蠕动) on one hand, or total silence on the other. The critical state of the latter is illustrated by the saying, "Silent as the tomb!" It may be necessary to silence all people, television, and staff to achieve this crucial auscultation. Friction (rubbing) sounds are significant. 腹痛时腹部紧缩感常提示梗阻的可能性。腹部触诊可作为治疗性、诊断性的评估手段。对全腹部轻柔触诊时，应留意僵硬部位，肿块和压痛部位。关注腹部听诊的音调，时长和强度。肠鸣音可呈现两种极端情况：急促的肠鸣音，或肠鸣音消失——这种“像墓地一样死寂”是十分危急的情况，在周围环境十分安静才能听到。摩擦声也应当留意。
We don’t have any viable strong imaging modality or treatment modality that can really help the surgeon to identify the tumor margins. 我们没有任何可行的、强有力的成像方法或者其他的治疗方法可以帮助医生辨别肿瘤。
Pitch Uh, I forgot to ask... how did the pitch go? 呃我差点忘了问，情况怎么样？
Try lowering the pitch of your voice. 尽量降低音调。
3. abdominal quadrants 腹部分区（象限） Right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant. By describing these findings, the physician will be able to discern([dɪ'sɜː(r)n] v.识别;觉察出) which organs are a part of the pathological picture, in this geographical([.dʒiːə'ɡræfɪk(ə)l] adj.地理学的) division of the abdomen. A careful patient history is essential. If a pediatric patient, ask him/her to jump up and down. Document the response when the bed is bumped (once). 右上腹，左上腹，右下腹，左下腹。医生通过腹部分区判断病理体征的源发器官。详细的病史对病情判断十分重要。小儿患者可表现为拒绝蹦跳。不慎撞到床时，应关注孩子的反应。
医学术语3.Elsevier Medical Terminology for Practicing Nurse
医学术语2.Elsevier Medical Terminology for Practicing Nurse
医学术语1.Elsevier Medical Terminology for Practicing Nurse
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