Case 28 Craniotomy for Brain Mass Excision
Clinical signs and symptoms of an elevated ICP are headache, vomitting, blurred vision, somnolence, and papilledema. 颅内压升高的表现有，头痛，呕吐，视力模糊，嗜睡和视神经乳头水肿。
1. brainstem herniation 脑疝 (枕骨大孔疝) Brain stem herniation is a very serious disorder in which an excess of intracranial pressure causes part of the brain to be squeezed through the foramen magnum at the base of the skull.
foramen magnum na. (枕骨)大孔
foremen [fəʊ'reɪmən] n.(pl. foramina)【生物】孔；小孔
magnum ['mæɡnəm] magnum is a Latin word that means 'great’.
brainstem ['breɪn.stem] n.脑干 The brainstem is the part of the brain that directly connects with the spinal cord. It contains regions that modulate breathing and heart function, as well as pathways for communication between the brain and the spinal cord. The cranial nerves emerge from the brainstem—controlling movement and sensation in and around the face.
herniation [ˌhɜ:nɪ'eɪʃən] n.形成疝；脱出 abnormal protrusion ([prəˈtruːʒ(ə)n] n.伸出；突出物) of an organ or other body structure through a defect or natural opening in a covering membrane, muscle, or bone. → hernia [ˈhɜː(r)niə] n.疝；突出
2. autoregulation [ɔ:təʊreɡjʊ'leɪʃn] n.自身调节；自体调节
3. Hypercarbia and hypoxia can increase cerebral blood flow irrespective of autoregulation. 在高碳酸血症和低氧血症的情况下，脑血流量的增高不遵循自身调节机制。
Hypercarbia [haɪpə:'kɑ:bɪə] n.高碳酸血症 Abnormally increased arterial carbon dioxide tension. Latin suffix “ia” meaning abnormal condition
Hypoxia [haɪ'pɒksiə] n.缺氧；低氧 hypoxia, in biology and medicine, condition of the body in which the tissues are starved of oxygen. In its extreme form, where oxygen is entirely absent, the condition is called anoxia ([æn'ɒksiə] n.缺氧症） .
irrespective [.ɪrɪ'spektɪv] adj.不顾[不考虑,不问](…)的 without regard to something else, especially something specified. // The government has so far reassured the public that food supply, irrespective of Brexit will remain unchanged. 到目前为止，政府已经向公众保证食品供应，不论英国脱欧，食品供应将保持不变。
4. cerebral perfusion pressure(CPP) 脑灌注压
intracranial pressure (ICP) 颅内压
5. net pressure gradient 净压力梯度
6. distort [dɪˈstɔː(r)t] v.扭曲；歪曲；使变形 // People argue that this type of game distorts reality. 人们认为，这种类型的游戏扭曲了现实。
7. blurred vision 视物模糊 Blurred vision, the most commonly reported eye problem, is a type of visual impairment that affects the sharpness or focus of an image. → blurry [ˈblɜrri] adj.模糊的；难以理解的；
8. somnolence ['sɒmnələns] n. 嗜眠状态 the quality or state of being drowsy (['draʊzi] adj.困倦的；昏昏欲睡的). → somnolent [ˈsɒmnələnt] adj.瞌睡的；困倦的
9. papilledema [pæpɪlɪ'di:mə] n.视神经乳头水肿；视乳头水肿 Papilledema is a term that is exclusively used when a disc ([dɪsk] 视盘, optic disc) swelling is secondary to increased intracranial pressure (ICP). → papilla [pə'pɪlə] n.【植,解】乳头；乳头状小突起；味蕾
10. ipsilateral fixed dilated pupil 病灶侧瞳孔固定且散大
ipsilateral [ɪpsɪ'lætərəl] adj.(身体的)同一侧的；situated or appearing on or affecting the same side of the body. → contralateral [kɒntrə'lætərəl] adj.【解】对侧的
pupil [ˈpjuːp(ə)l] n.瞳孔；
oculomotor [ˌɒkjʊlə'məʊtə] adj.【解】动眼神经的；眼球运动的；动眼的 n.【解】动眼神经 The oculomotor nerve enables most of your eye movements, some aspects of vision, and raising the eyelid (['aɪ.lɪd] n.眼睑；眼皮). → Oculo-definition, a combining form meaning “eye,” “ocular,” used in the formation of compound words: oculomotor. → ocular [ˈɒkjʊlə(r)] adj.眼的；眼睛的；connected with the eyes
abducent [æb'dju:sənt] adj.【动,解】外展的 drawing away, as by the action of a muscle; → abduct: [ ab-dukt´ ] to draw away from an axis
nerve palsy 神经麻痹
palsy [ˈpɔːlzi] n.瘫痪 v.使瘫痪；The meaning of PALSY is paralysis ([pə'ræləsɪs]
n.麻痹；瘫痪；（活动、工作等）能力的完全丧失) — used chiefly in combination.
Case Files: Anesthesiology 学习笔记(109)颅内占位开颅切除术2. / Case Files: Anesthesiology 学习笔记(108)颅内占位开颅切除术1. / Grand Mal Seizures 癫痫大发作 / 颅内压 intracranial pressure (ICP) / exculpate [ˈekskʌlpeɪt] v.证明（或宣布）无罪
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