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Behavior Change Models | A conceptual framework for analyzing and explaining behavior change |
Cultural competence | A set of knowledge and interpersonal skills that allows individuals to increase their understanding and appreciation of cultural differences and similarities |
Cultural Groups | Nonexclusive groups that have a set of values in common; an individual may be part of several cultural groups at the same time |
Culture | Learned patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving that are shared by a group of people |
Ethnocentrism | Believing a particular cultural view is best |
Models | Generalized descriptions used to analyze or explain something |
Motivation | A state of readiness to change |
Multicultural | A description of a situation in which two or more distinct cultures interact |
Self - Efficacy | A behavior change model based on our personal belief of how capable we are of exercising control over events in our life |
Self - Motivational Statements | Arguments for making a behavior change made by the client |
Theoretical tenets | Major beliefs and assumptions held true by a particular theory |
Theory | An explanation based on observation and reasoning of what happens in the world |
Worldview | The perception of the world as biased by culture and personal experience |
Person-centered therapy | Counselors develop an environment of unconditional positive self-regard |
Behavioral therapy | Focus is on changing the environment
Behavior modification techniques address cues, substitutions, and consequences |
Gestalt therapy | Clients take responsibility for making dietary changes |
Cognitive therapy | Focus is on changing negative self-talk and irrational ideas |
Family therapy | Significant relationships are explored as a means to provide support or to lessen the impact of negative influences |
Solution-focused therapy | Clients focus on identifying strengths and expanding on past successes |
Multicultural counseling | Counselors appreciate multiple perspectives and provide culturally appropriate interventions |
Self-efficacy | A component of numerous behavior change models; belief in ability to make a behavior change
Key Concepts *Increases probability of making a behavior change |
Health belief model | Perception of the health problem and appraisal of proposed behavioral changes are central to a decision to change
Key Concepts *Perceived susceptibility *Perceived impact *Perceived advantages of change *Appraisal of barriers *Self-efficacy |
Locus of control | Behavior change is more likely to occur if there is a feeling of personal control over life events
Key Concepts *Social support *Choices |
Social cognitive theory / social learning theory | People and their environment interact continuously, each influencing the other
Key Concepts *Self-efficacy *Knowledge and skills required *Learning occurs through taking action, observations of others taking action, and evaluation of the results of those actions |
Transtheoretical model | Behavior change is explained as a readiness to change
Key Concepts *Behavior change is describes as a series of changes *Specific behavior change strategies are identified for each stage |
Motivational interviewing | Exploration of ambivalence
Key Concepts *Reduce resistance *Self-discovery is encouraged |
Health behavior change method | Guiding framework for method is patient centered and directive
Key Concepts *Reduce resistance *Exchange information *Negotiate behavior change *Readiness to take action is based on importance and confidence |
Communication Roadblocks | Obstacles that hamper self-exploration |
Counseling Focus | Placement of emphasis in a counseling response |
Empathy | true understanding of another's perspective |
Intercultural Communication | face-to-face interactions among people of diverse cultures |
Skill | an acquired ability to perform a given task |
Synchrony | Harmony of body language |
Trait | An inherent quality of mind or a personality characteristic |
To acknowledge | Responses that identify observations, affirm, show respect, or recognize the worthiness of the client. (Relationship building) |
To explore | Responses that explore ambivalence, consider new information, or gain insight. (Clarify concern) |
To challenge | Responses that notes a discrepancy |
Space | Ineffective nonverbal: distant or very close
Effective nonverbal: approximately arm's length |
Posture | Ineffective nonverbal: slouching; rigid; seated leaning away
Effective nonverbal: relaxed but attentive; seated leaning slightly toward |
Eye contact | Ineffective nonverbal: absent; defiant; jittery
Effective nonverbal: regular |
Time | Ineffective nonverbal: You continue with what you are doing before responding; in a hurry
Effective nonverbal: Respond at first opportunity; share time with client |
Feet and legs (in sitting) | Ineffective nonverbal: Used to keep distance between the persons
Effective nonverbal: Unobtrusive |
Furniture | Ineffective nonverbal: Used as a barrier
Effective nonverbal: Used to draw persons together |
Facial expression | Ineffective nonverbal: Does not match feelings; scowl; blank look
Effective nonverbal: Match your own or other's feelings; smile |
Gestures | Ineffective nonverbal: Complete for attention with your words
Effective nonverbal: Highlight your words; unobtrusive; smooth |
Mannerisms | Ineffective nonverbal: Obvious; distracting
Effective nonverbal: None or unobtrusive |
Voice: volume | Ineffective nonverbal: Very loud or very soft
Effective nonverbal: Clearly audible |
Voice: rate | Ineffective nonverbal: Impatient or staccato; very slow or hesitant
Effective nonverbal: Average or a bit slower |
Energy level | Ineffective nonverbal: Apathetic; sleepy; jumpy; pushy
Effective nonverbal: Alert; stay alert throughout a long conversation |
Algorithm | A step-by-step procedure for accomplishing a particular end |
Intercultural counseling | When the counselor and the client are from significantly different cultures |
Learn Counseling Model | A cross-cultural counseling model applicable to health care interventions |
Models | Generalized descriptions used to analyze or explain something |
Motivation | A state of readiness to change |
Motivational Nutrition Counseling Algorithm | A step-by-step procedure to direct the flow of a nutrition counseling session |
Respondent-driven Interview | A culturally sensitive approach to gathering information by asking simple, open-ended questions |
Android Fat Distribution | Waist and upper abdominal fat accumulation; apple shape |
Body Mass Index (BMI) | Preferred weight-for-height standard; determinant of health risk; predictor of mortality |
Daily Food Guide | A food group plan to promote health and reduce the risk of chronic diseases; the Food Guide |
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) | An eating plan focusing on whole foods emphasizing fruits and vegetables |
Dietary Assessment | Evaluation of nutrient intake and food patterns |
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) | Four sets of nutrient recommendations of the United States and Canada; Estimated Average Requirements, Recommended Dietary Allowances, Adequate Intakes, and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels |
Food Guide Pyramid | Pictorial representation of five major food groups indicating kinds and amounts of food to consume |
Gynoid Fat Distribution | Fat accumulation in hips and thighs; pear shape |
Hamwi Method | Equation used to calculate ideal body weight |
IAO Format | A charting by exception documentation method; issue, assessment, and outcomes |
Nutritional Assessment | A comprehensive analysis of an individual's dietary evaluation; medical, medication, and psychosocial history; anthropometric data; biochemical data; and physical examination |
Obesity | A high amount of body fat as indicated by a weight 20 percent over the standard; a body mass index of 30 to 30.9 |
Overweight | A state in which body weight is 10 percent over the standard; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 |
Soap Format | A comprehensive documentation tool; subjective, objective, assessment, and plan |
Waist Circumference | A method to assess upper abdominal fat distribution |
Waist-To-Hip Ratio | Ratio of waist circumference to hip circumference; assessment of abdominal fat distribution |
Client assessment questionnaire / historical data form | A preliminary nutritional assessment form usually divided into sections for administrative data, medical history, medication data, psychosocial history, and food patterns |
Food diary / daily food record | A written record of an individual's food and beverages consumed over a period of time, usually three to seven days |
Twenty-four-hour recall | A dietary assessment method in which an individual is requested to recall all food and beverages consumed in a twenty-four-hour period |
Food frequency | A method of analyzing a diet based on how often foods are consumed |
Usual diet | Clients are led through a series of question to describe the typical foods consumed in a day |
Diet history interview | A conversational assessment method in which clients are asked to review their normal day's eating pattern |
ABCs of Behavior | Antecendent, behavior, and consequence; used to describe behavior chains |
Barriers | Obstacles that hinder accomplishment of a goal |
Behavior chains | A sequence of events that explains recurrence of behavior |
Contract | A formal agreement to implement a goal |
Countering | Substituting healthy responses for problem behaviors |
Cue Management (Stimulus Control) | Addresses antecedents of a behavior chain; technique involves using cues to increase or decrease a particular behavior |
Daily Food Guide | Sorts food into five major food groups |
Exchange Lists | Food management tools that organize foods by their proportions of carbohydrate, protein, and fat |
Journaling | A tracking method used to analyze and modify behavior |
Modeling | Behaviors learned by observing and imitating others |
Reinforcement or Rewards | Tangible or intangible incentives to encourage a behavior change |
Cognitions | What and how a person thinks and perceives based on life experiences |
Cognitive Restructuring | Challenging destructive thoughts, beliefs, and internal self-talk and substituting self-enhancing cognitions |
Mental Imagery | A mental rehearsal of an anticipated experience |
Relapse Prevention | Systematic approach to maintaining a behavior change; involves that identification of a preparation for high-risk situations |
Social disclosure | Sharing information about self in order to enhance lifestyle change objectives |
Thought Stopping | A technique using the word stop to end destructive reoccurring thoughts |
Aerobic Activity | Physical activity requiring oxygen; usually sustained longer than 3 minutes; required to develop cardiorespiratory fitness |
Anaerobic Activity | Physical activity not requiring oxygen; utilized during high-intensity activities and at the beginning of sustained aerobic activities |
Cardirespiratory Fitness | Reported as maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) |
Flexibility | Full range of joint motion without discomfort |
Maximum Heart Rate | Roughly 220 beats per minute minus age |
Moderate Physical Activity | Use of large muscle groups that are at least equivalent to brisk walking |
Muscular Endurance | Repetitive muscle contractions over a prolonged period |
Muscular Strength | Ability to generate appropriate force |
Physical Fitness | Set of attributes relating to the ability to perform physical activity; often viewed as cardirespiratory fitness; components include flexibility, suitable body composition, muscular strength, and muscular endurance |
Vigorous Physical Activity | Repetitive activities using large muscle groups at 70 percent or more of maximum heart rate |
Code of Ethics | Published ethical standards by a professional organization |
Goal Attainment Scale | A rating system with a range of values used to assess success in meeting goals |
Standards of Professional Practice | Components of high-quality dietetic practice |
Counseling Checklists | Step-by-step counseling guides |
Informed Consent | Sufficient information was supplied to make a decision regarding a course of action |