英语和汉语不仅在遣词造句、句型搭配、习惯用法等方面有很大的差别,就是在词性方面也有很大的差别,并且这种差别有时会使同学们稍不小心就酿成错误。本文为英语初学者整理了一些比较典的在词性用法上容易出错的例题,希望对大家的学习有所帮助。
例1. _________ he was in Japan, he visited many places.
A. During B. Since C. While D. In
【分析】此题容易误选 A,将介词 during 误用作连词。正确答案应为 C。不过此题若改为如下形式,则应选介词 during:
_________ his stay in
A. During B. Since C. While D. In
但是下面一例要填 while,而不能填 during,因为其后接的已是一个介词短语,所以不宜再用介词 during,而用 while 可将其视为省略句:
_________ at school, he wrote his first novel.
A. During B. Since C. While D. In
可视为 While (he was) at school, he wrote his first novel. 之省略。
例2. I want him to go with us _________ he doesn’t.
A. even B. if C. even if D. if even
【分析】此题容易误选 A,其实应选 C。从语义上看,even 和 even if都可表示“即使”,如:
It was cold there even in July. 那里即使在七月,天气都很冷。
Even if I have to walk all the way I’ll get there. 即使我得一路走着去,我也要走到那里。
Even if we could afford it, we wouldn’t go abroad for our holidays. 即使我们有能力,我们也不去国外度假。
但是两者的词性不同:even 是副词,even if 是连词,
例3. _________ the years slipped by, I thought less about her.
A. With B. As C. Since D. To
【分析】此题容易误选 A,而其实应选 B。虽然 with 和 as 均可表示“随着”,但词性不同:with 是介词,后接名词或代词,而 as 用于此义时是连词,后接句子。比较:
He will improve as he grows older. 随着年龄的增长,他会进步的。
People’s ideas change with the change of the times. 时代变了,人们的观念也会变化。
下题应选答案C,你知道是什么原因了吗?
_________ the development of modern agriculture and industry, more and more waste has been produced.
A. As B. For C. With D. Through
例4. He walked _________ the stage and bowed to the audience.
A. across B. cross C. crossing D. acrossing
【分析】此题容易误选B。across 和 cross 均可表示“横过”、“穿过”,但词性不同:across 是介词,cross 是动词。比较:
cross the street 横过马路 walk across the street 走过马路
cross a river 过河,渡河 swim across a river 游过河
【分析】此题正确答案应为A。请再看一例:
Don’t _________ the bridge until you come to it.
A. across B. cross C. through D. over
【分析】此题最佳答案选B,从题干的句子结构来看,填空处只能填一个动词,而在所给的四个选项中,只有B为动词,其余三个均为介词。
例5. A _________ road goes _________ from one place to another.
A. straight, straight B. straightly, straightly C. straight, straightly D. straightly, straight
【分析】此题容易误选C,认为第一空是用于road 前作定语,故用形容词straight(这是对的);第二空应填副词 straightly,用以修饰动词goes(这就不完全对了)。在现代英语中,straight 既可用作形容词,也可用作副词。straightly这个副词形式在现代英语中已被废弃,许多词典均不再收录此词。所以此题最佳答案应选A。
例6. He knew she was crying _________ what he had said to her.
A. because B. because of C. since D. as
【分析】此题容易误选 A,因为一般认为:because 是连词,后接句子;because of 是复合介词,后接名词、代词、动名词等。而其实此题应选 B,尽管 what he had said to her 是一个句子,但它却是一个比较特殊的句子,即它是一个由 what 引导的名词性从句,在本质上相当于一个名词(即相当于 the thing that he had said to her),而从属连词 because 用以引导一个句子时,它应引导一个原因状语从句。
例7. He fell down to the ground, his mouth _________ and eyes _________.
A. open, close B. opened, closed C. opened, close D. open, closed
【分析】此题很容易误选A,其实应选 D。open 和 close 均可用作动词,前者表示“开”,后者表示“关”,是一对反义词,如:Please open your mouth.(请张开嘴),Please close your mouth. (请闭上嘴)。但是 open 和 close 也可用作形容词,此时前者意为“开着的”,后者意为“接近的”、“亲近的”等,而并不表示“关着的”,要表示“关着的”,英语用 closed,即用作形容词时,open 与close 不是一对反义词,而与 closed 才是反义词。
例8. I was about to go out _________ the telephone rang.
A. when B. suddenly C. as soon as D. directly
【分析】此题很容易误选B,因为从句意看,填入suddenly 后刚好符合“我正要出去,电话铃突然响了”的语境。但从句法来分析,空白处前后各为一个句子,而 suddenly 是副词,显然不承担起连接两个句子的重任。此题最佳答案选A,when 在此用作并列连词,意为“这时(突然)”。又如:
We were about to start, when it rained. 我们正要开始,就下起雨来了。
She was walking down the road when she heard someone shouting for help. 她正在路上走着,突然听见有人呼救。
例9. Don’t _________; no one will hurt you.
A. afraid B. frighten C. fear D. nervous
【分析】此题应选C,其余三项均容易误选:选A不对,因为 afraid 是形容词,Don’t 应接动词原形,若为 be afraid 则也可以;选B不对,因为 frighten 虽为动词,但它为及物动词,其意不是“害怕”,而是“使(某人)害怕”,选它不仅意思不通,而且语法也不对(因为及物动词后缺宾语);选D也不对,因为 nervous 是形容词,不能紧跟在 don’t 之后。
例10. _________ your students against or for the plan made by the teacher?
A. Do B. Can C. Are D. Did
【分析】此题正确答案是C,但很容易误选A,主要是没有意识到其后的 against 是介词,而不是动词。注意:有些介词、形容词、副词等,具有动作意味,不要将其误认为是动词。如:
如果你不去,就让他代你去。
误:If you can’t go, let him instead you.
正:If you can’t go, let him go instead of you.
正:If you can’t go, let him go instead.
注:instead 和 instead of 均含有“代替”、“取而代之”的意思,在汉语中含有动作意味,但它们却不是动词(instead 是副词,instead of 是介词)。
例11. Now some young people hope to _________ for further education.
A. go abroad B. go to abroad C. go to the abroad D. go the abroad
【分析】此题容易误选 B 或 C,将 abroad 误认为是名词。而其实 abroad 是副词,所以此题正确答案为 A。又如:
当心,前面有危险。
误:Look out, there is danger in the ahead.
正:Look out, there is danger ahead.
析:ahead 意为“在前面”,它是副词,而不是名词。
例12. He treated all the people around him, _________ he knew or he didn’t know, _________.
A. if, friendly B. whether, friendly
C. if, in a friendly way D. whether, in a friendly way
【分析】此题第一空应填whether,因为它与其后的 or 构成 whether…or…结构,表示“无论……还是……”,至于第二空,许多同学可能会误选 friendly,认为它以ly 结尾,应是副词,在此用作状语。而其实在现代英语中 friendly 只用作形容词,不用作副词。所以此题的最佳答案是D,而不是B。顺便说一句,下面以ly结尾的也是形容词,而不是副词:lonely(孤独的),costly(高价的,昂贵的),lively(有生气的,生动的),lovely(可爱的,美丽的,愉快的),orderly (整齐的,守规则的)等。
He feels lonely among strangers. 在陌生人中他感到孤寂。
We had a lovely weekend. 我们度过了一个愉快的周末。
The car is too costly for me to buy. 这汽车太贵了,我买不起。
He is a lively child and popular with everyone. 他是个活泼的孩子,大家都喜欢他。
例13. The boss praised the young man for his hard work, though he _________experience.
A. is lack of B. is lacking in C. lacks of D. is lacking of
【分析】此题答案选B,be lacking in 是习语,意为“缺乏”,其后通常接 experience, frankness, courage 等抽象名词。选A是错误的,因为 lack 可用作名词和动词,但不用作形容词;选C是错误的,因为 lack 用作动词时,它是及物动词,其后不用介词(注:用作名词的 lack 后可接介词 of);选D是错误的,因为没有 be lacking of 这个搭配。
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